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were showered upon him. At the time of his death he was a fellow of the Linnæan and zoölogical societies of London, of the natural history society of Paris, of the Wernerian society of Edinburgh, of the lyceum of natural history of New York, and an honorary member of the society of natural history at Manchester, of the royal Scottish academy of painting, sculpture, and architecture, and of many other scientific bodies. See, besides works already mentioned, Dunlap's “History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design” (New York, 1834); Griswold's “Prose Writers of America” (Philadelphia, 1847); Mrs. Horace St. John's “Audubon, the Naturalist, in the New World” (New York, 1856); Samuel Smiles's “Brief Biographies” (Boston, 1861); and “Audubon and his Journals,” by Maria K. Audubon (2 vols., New York, 1897).

AUER, John Gottlieb, missionary bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church, b. in Würtemberg, Germany, 18 Nov., 1832 ; d. 16 Feb., 1874. He was a Lutheran minister, but applied for and took orders in the Episcopal church, being ordained at Cavalla, Africa, in 1862. At a special meeting of the general convention, in October, 1872, Dr. Auer was elected missionary bishop of Cape Palmas, in Africa. He was consecrated 17 April, 1873. but was stricken down with fever, and his term of service was less than one year.

AUGUR, Christopher Colon, soldier, b. in New York. 28 Dec, 1821; d. in Washington, D. C, 16 Jan., 1898. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1843. During the Mexican war he was aide-de-camp to Gen. Enos D. Hopping and, after his death, to Gen. Caleb Cashing. He was promot- ed in 1852, and served with distinc- tion in a cam- paign against the Indians in Oregon in 1856. On 14 May, 1861, he was ap- pointed ma- jor in the 13th infant- ry, and was for a time commandant of cadets at West Point. In November of that year

he was commissioned a

brigadier-general of volunteers, and jonied McDow- ell's corps. In July, 1862, he was assigned to a di- vision under Gen. Banks, and in the battle of Cedar Mountain, 9 Aug., was severely wounded. He sat on the military court that investigated the sur- render of Harper's Perry. He was promoted major- general 9 Aug., 1862, and in November joined his corps and took part in the Louisiana campaign. At the siege of Port Hudson he commanded the left wing of the army, and for meritorious services on that occasion he was brevetted brigadier-general in the U. S. army, 13 March, 1865, receiving on the same date the brevet of major-general for services in the field during the rebellion. From 13 Oct., 1863, to 13 Aug., 1866, he was commandant of the Department of Washington ; from 15 Jan., 1867, to 13 Nov., 1871, of the Department of the Platte ; then of the Department of Texas until March, 1875; of the Department of the Gulf until 1 July, 1878, and subsequently of the Department of the South and the Department of the Missouri, and in 1885 was retired. On 15 Aug., 1886, he was shot and dan- gerously wounded by a negro whom he attempted to chastise for using coarse language in front of his house in Washington. — His son, Jacob Arnold, is a major in the otli U. S. cavalry.

AUGUR, Hezekiah, sculptor, b. in New Haven, Conn., 21 Feb., 1791 ; d. there, 10 Jan., 1858. He was unsuccessful in business, and turned his attention to sculpture and mechanical inventions. He was al- most wholly self-taught, but was possessed of con- siderable native talent. His best work, " Jephtha and his Daughter," is in the Trumbull gallery, Yale college. His most important invention was a ma- chine for carving wood, which came into general use. He was given the degree of A. M. by Yale in 1833, though he was not a graduate.

AUGUSTUS, John, philanthropist, b. in 1785; d. in Boston, 21 June, 1859. He was a shoemaker, doing business in Boston, and devoted his means and his labors to aiding and reclaiming the poor and the vicious. For more than twenty years he was a constant visitor to the police courts, seeking subjects for his charitable efforts.

AULICK, John Henry, naval officer, b. in Winchester, Va., in 1789; d. at Washington. D. C, 27 April, 1873. He entered the navy as midshipman, and in 1812 served on the " Enterprise " in all the . engagements of that vessel, carrying into port the British ship " Boxer " and the privateers " Fly " and " Mars," which the " Enterprise " captured. He afterward served on the " Saranac," " Ontario," " Constitution," and " Brandywine," and was in command of the Washington navy-yard from 1843 to 1846. He commanded the " Vincennes " in 1847, and the East India squadron, making his last cruise in 1853. In 1861 he retired with the rank of cap- tain, and in July, 1862, was made a commodore on the retired list.

AULNAY DE CHARNISE. See Charmse.

AURELIO I., Antonio, the name assumed by M. de Founens, a French adventurer, b. about 1830. He lived among the Araucanians, in Chili, and was elected king by them. He formed a con- stitution, and his movements at first created merri- ment in Chili, but the government found it neces- sary to get rid of him. Early in 1862 disguised Chilians were sent to Araucania, and, when they reached the place where the so-called king held his court, a policeman seized him, put him upon his horse, and succeeded in escaping with him from the pursuing Indians. The adventurer v/as im- prisoned for some time.

AURY, Louis de, New Grenadian naval officer, b. about 1780. He became a lieutenant in the navy of his native country in 1813, and command- ed the naval force of New Grenada at the siege of Cartagena. In 1816 he went to Texas with Herrero as commander of the united fleets, and was ap- pointed governor of Texas and Galveston island. In July, 1817, he took part in McGregor's expedi- tion to Florida, and afterward he was engaged in the campaigns of the revolted South American re- publics. He resided some time in New Orleans, and subsequently went to Havana.

AUSTEN, Peter Townsend, chemist, b. in Clifton, Staten Island, N. Y., 10 Sept., 1852. He was graduated at C-olumbia school of mines, in the course in analytical and applied chemistry, in 1873. He then studied for three years under Prof. Hofmann in the university of Berlin, and received the degree of Ph. D., for original work, from the university of Zurich. On his return from Europe he became in 1876 instructor in chemistry at Dart-