Sciences, and of numerous medical societies. In 1876 he was elected a member of the Boston school board. He has published many papers on physiological subjects, which have appeared in the various medical journals, notably in the "Boston Medical and Surgical Journal."
BOWDOIN, James, statesman, b. in Boston, 8 Aug., 1737; d. there, 6 Nov., 1790. He was a
grandson of Pierre Baudouin, a French Huguenot
who fled to Ireland on the revocation of the edict
of Nantes, came to Portland in 1687, and removed
to Boston in 1690. James Bowdoin was graduated
at Harvard in 1745, and on 8 Sept., 1747, the death
of his father, an eminent merchant, left him with
a large fortune. When twenty-four years old, he
visited Benjamin Franklin, who communicated to
him his papers on electricity, and with whom Bowdoin frequently corresponded after this. In one
of his letters Bowdoin suggested the theory, since
generally accepted, that the phosphorescence of
the sea, under certain conditions, is due to the
presence of minute animals. Afterward, Franklin
read Bowdoin's letters before the royal society of
London, and they were published with some of his
own researches. From 1753 till 1756 Bowdoin was
a member of the Massachusetts general court, and
in 1756 became councillor. In this position he
was prominent in opposing the royal governors by
his writings and otherwise. In 1769, when he was
again chosen to the council, he was negatived by
Gov. Bernard, and was immediately elected by the
Bostonians to the assembly. Hutchinson, however,
on becoming governor in 1770, permitted him to
sit in the council, thinking that his opposition
would be less dangerous there than in the house
of representatives. Failing health prevented him
from attending the continental congress, to which
he was elected in 1774; but in 1775 he was chosen
president of the Massachusetts council, and in 1779
presided over the state constitutional convention,
n 1785 and 1786 he was governor of his state, and
by his decisive measures put down Shays's rebellion,
ordering out 4,000 militia and heading a subscription to pay their expenses, which the public treasury could not meet. His vigor in suppressing this rebellion was probably the cause of his defeat in 1787, when he was succeeded by Hancock. In
1788 he was a member of the convention that
adopted the federal constitution. Although Bowdoin suffered many years from consumption, which
was finally the cause of his death, he was always
vigorous in public affairs. He was one of the
founders, and first president, of the American
academy of arts and sciences, and left it his valuable library. He also aided in founding the Massachusetts humane society, and in 1779 was made a fellow of Harvard college, to which he left £400. He was given the degree of LL. D. by the university of Edinburgh, and was a fellow of the royal
societies of London and Edinburgh. He published
a poetical paraphrase of Dodsley's "Economy of
Human Life" (1759) and an address delivered before the American academy, when he became its president (1780). Several of his papers appear in
the memoirs of the society, among which is one
whose object is to prove that the sky is a real concave body enclosing our system, and that the
Milky Way is an opening in this, through which
the light of other systems reaches us. Bowdoin
also wrote two Latin epigrams and an English poem
for the "Pietas et Gratulatio," a volume of poems
published by Harvard college on the accession of
George III. Bowdoin college was named in his
honor. See Robert C. Winthrop's addresses (Boston,
1852).—His son, James, philanthropist, b. 22 Sept.,
1752; d. on Naushon island. Buzzard's bay, Mass.,
11 Oct., 1811. After his graduation at Harvard in
1771 he spent a year in the university of Oxford,
studying law. and travelled in Italy, Holland, and
England. He returned to this country when the
news of the battle of Lexington reached him, and
wished to enter the army, but was dissuaded by
his father. He became successively a member of
the assembly, the state senate, and the state council, and in 1789 was a delegate to the state constitutional convention. During this time he also devoted much time to literary pursuits. He was
appointed minister to Spain in November, 1804,
and went to Madrid in May, 1805. In March,
1806, with Gen. John Armstrong, of New York,
he was appointed commissioner to treat with
Spain concerning "territories, wrongful captures, condemnations, and other injuries." The negotiations, which were carried on in Paris, were broken off in 1808. On the foundation of Bowdoin college, he gave it 6,000 acres of land and £1,100, and at his death left the institution an extensive library, and collections of minerals, philosophical apparatus, and paintings, all of which he
had purchased during his stay in Paris. He also bequeathed to the college the reversion of Naushon island, which had been his favorite residence. He published a translation of Daubenton's "Advice to Shepherds," and anonymously, " Opinions respecting the Commercial Intercourse between the United States and Great Britain." Part of his estate was left to his nephew, James Bowdoin Winthrop (b. in 1795; d. in 1833), who afterward dropped the "Winthrop" from his name. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1814, and did valuable work in connection with the Massachusetts historical society.
BOWELL, Mackenzie, Canadian journalist, b, at Rickinghall, Suffolk, England, 27 Dec, 1823.
He came to Canada with his family in 1833, was educated at a common school and in the printing-office of the Belleville "Intelligencer," of which he subsequently became editor and proprietor. He was first returned to parliament for the county
of North Hastings in 1867, was re-elected in 1872,
in 1874, and at the last general election in 1878, and
sworn in of the privy council, and as minister of
customs, 19 Oct., 1878. Mr. Bowell was a major,
49th battalion of volunteer rifles, and served upon
the frontier during the American civil war, 1864,
and during the Fenian troubles. He was a president of the Grand Junction railway, vice-president
of the agricultural and arts association of Ontario, and chairman of the government school-board
for a number of years. He is a conservative in
politics, and in April, 1874, moved the resolution
for the expulsion of Louis Riel from the house of
commons, to which he had been elected, which
resolution was carried.
BOWEN, Eli, author, b. in Lancaster, Pa., in 1824; d. before 1886. He published "Coal Regions of Pennsylvania" (Pottsville, 1848); "U. S. Postal System"; "Pictorial Sketch-Book of Pennsylvania" (8th ed., Philadelphia, 1854); "Rambles in the Path of the Iron Horse"; "The Creation of the Earth" (1862); and "Coal and Coal Oil" (1865).
BOWEN, Francis, author, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 8 Sept., 1811; d. in Boston, Mass., 22 Jan., 1890. He was graduated at Harvard, and was instructor there in intellectual philosophy and political economy. In 1839 he went to Europe, and, while living in Paris, met Sismondi, De Gerando, and other scholars. He returned to Cambridge in 1841 and devoted himself to literature. In January, 1843, he became editor and proprietor
