keeper, and was brought up in the village of Ouarville, or Warville, from which he took his name, studied law in Paris, and after the completion of his studies was employed by a procurator, for whom Robespierre also worked. His first book, "Théorie des lois criminelles," brought him to the notice of Voltaire and D'Alembert, and his "Bibliothèque des lois criminelles" gave him a wide reputation. In 1784 he was imprisoned for four months in the bastile as the supposed author of a pamphlet reflecting on the queen, which was really written by the marquis Pelleport. Going to London upon his release, he there edited a learned periodical called the "Lyceum." On returning to Paris, he founded, in 1788, the society of friends of the blacks, and came to the United States in its commission to inquire into the condition of the negroes. He returned to France at the beginning of the revolution of 1789, and edited "Le Patriote Français," was elected to the legislative assembly, and became the leader of the girondists, and the most influential opponent of the court and the aristocracy. After the king's flight he became leader of the party that demanded his deposition, but in the convention, in which he sat as the representative of the department of Eure-et-Loire, he opposed the execution of the king, and antagonized the men of September. He was instrumental in bringing about the declaration of war against England, Holland, and Austria. Incurring the hostility of Robespierre and the montagnards, he was accused of Royalism and federalism. After the defeat of his party, the girondists, on 31 May. 1793, he fled, but was arrested at Moulins, and, after a long imprisonment, during which he wrote his memoirs, was guillotined. The nickname "Brissotins," originally invented by the royalists to designate the revolutionists, came to be applied to the girondists. While in America, Brissot adopted the habits of the Quakers, and, on his return to France, introduced the fashion of wearing the hair without powder. His eloquence and literary ability contributed materially to the success of the French revolution. He published, among other works, "Examination of the Travels of Chastellux in America"; "The Commerce of America with Europe" (London, 1793); "Letters on the History of England"; and "To his Constituents on the Situation of the National Convention." See his "Memoires pour servir a I'histoire de la revolution," published by his son (Paris, 1830-2); also Lamartine's "History of the Girondists" and "Vie prive et politique de Brissot" (Paris, 1792).
BRISTED, John, clergyman, b. in Dorsetshire, England, in 1778; d. in Bristol, R. I., 23 Feb., 1855. He was the son of a clergyman of the established church. After being graduated at Winchester college, he studied medicine in Edinburgh, and took a two years' course of law in the office of the celebrated Chitty. He removed to the United States in 1806, practised law in New York city for several years with success, and married, in 1820, a daughter of John Jacob Astor. He studied divinity under Dr. (afterward Bishop) Griswold, then rector of St. Michael's, Bristol, R. I., and in 1828 was ordained and made the rector's assistant. In 1829 Dr. Griswold removed to Massachusetts, and Mr. Bristed became his successor as rector of the parish, where he remained until 1843. In 1807 he conducted the "Monthly Magazine," and in 1814 delivered an oration on "The Utility of Literary Establishments." His publications include "A Pedestrian Tour through Part of the Highlands in Scotland in 1801" (2 vols., 1804); "The Adviser, or the Moral and Literary Tribunal" (4 vols., London, 1802); "Critical and Philosophical Essays" (1804); "The System of the Society of Friends Examined" (1805); "Edward and Anna," a novel (1805); "Hints on the National Bankruptcy of Great Britain" (New York, 1809); "Resources of the British Empire" (1811); "Resources of the United States" (New York, 1818; reprinted in London, under the title of "America and her Resources," 1818); and "Thoughts on the Anglican and Anglo-American Churches," a reply to Mr. Wilkes's work on "Correlative Claims and Duties" (New York and London, 1823). An English reviewer of his "Resources of the United States," which was published about the same time that Sydney Smith asked his famous question, "Who reads an American book?" referred to the "unsubstantial prospect with which the prophetic folly that ever accompanies democracy had impressed his mind to a degree almost equalling that of the vain people with whom he had domiciled."—His son, Charles Astor, author, b. in New York city, 6 Oct., 1820: d. in Washington, D. C, 15 Jan., 1874. He was graduated at Yale with honors in 1839, and afterward spent five years in Trinity college, Cambridge, England, where he was graduated in 1845, taking numerous prizes and being made a foundation scholar of the college. In 1847 he married the daughter of Henry Brevoort, and travelled extensively in Europe, amusing himself by writing for newspapers and periodicals, on social and ephemeral topics, generally over the penname of "Carl Benson."
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There was a cynical tone in many of his writings, which increased as he grew older. Classical subjects, poetical themes, and social sketches were treated with equal ease; he did not hesitate to discuss any topic, great or small, that struck his fancy, and his wide culture and profound scholarship made his essays attractive to readers of light literature. Mr. Bristed was one of the trustees of the Astor library from its origin. After spending many years in Europe, at its gayest capitals and resorts, where he was the associate of many eminent men of the time, he returned to this country, and made his home in Washington. His second wife, who survives him, is a member of the Sedgwick family. Bristed's published works comprise "Selections from Catullus," by an Eton assistant master, which he revised, adding notes of his own (1849); "Letters to Horace Mann," being a reply to some strictures on the characters of Girard and Astor, entitled "Thoughts for a Young Man" (1850); "The Upper Ten Thousand," a series of sketches of New York society life, first printed in "Eraser's Magazine" (New York, 1852); "Five Years in an English University" (1852). To this last volume were added in an appendix his college orations and essays, together with specimen examination-papers (new ed., enlarged. New York, 1872). He also published the "Interference Theory
