fairs for the province of Canada. He entered par- liament in 1857, and was appointed treasurer of the Royal household on the return of Lord Palmer- ston to office in 1859. In 1876 he was summoned to the house of peers in his father's barony of Ash- ford, and was appointed Under-secretary of state for war in succession to Lord Cadogan in March, 1878, and held that office until the Conservatives lost control of the government in 1880. He mar- ried a daughter of Sir Alan Napier MacNab, so long p'rominent in Canada. In 1879 Lord Bury entered the Roman Catholic church, and in 1885 he visited the United States. He is the author of a history of American colonization, entitled " Exo- dus of the Western Nations " (London, 1865); " A Report on the Condition of the Indians of British North America," and other historical papers.
BUSH, George, theologian, b. in Norwich, Vt.,
12 June, 1796; d. in Rochester, N. Y., 19 Sept., 1859.
He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1818, studied
theology at Princeton, was a tutor there in 1823-'4,
was ordained in the Presbyterian ministry, spent
four years as a missionary in Indiana, and in 1831
became professor of Hebrew and oriental literature
in the university of New York. He
published a “Life of Mohammed” (New York, 1832),
and a “Treatise on the Millennium” (1833), in
which he maintained that that period was the time
when Christianity supplanted Roman paganism.
He also published a “Bible Atlas,” “Illustrations
from the Scriptures,” a “Hebrew Grammar,” and
commentaries on Exodus and other books of the
Old Testament. In 1844 he published a monthly
magazine called “Hierophant,” devoted to the
elucidation of scriptural prophecies. The same year
he issued, in New York, a work entitled
“Anastasis,” in which he opposed the doctrine of the literal
resurrection of the body. Attacks upon this work,
which attracted much attention, he answered in
“The Resurrection of Christ.” He subsequently
united with the New Jerusalem church, translated
and published the diary of Swedenborg in 1845,
became editor of the “New Church Repository,”
and published in 1845 “The Soul, an Inquiry into
Scripture Psychology,” in 1847 “Mesmer and
Swedenborg,” in which he argued that the
doctrines of Swedenborg were corroborated by the
developments of mesmerism, in 1855 “New Church
Miscellanies,” and in 1857 “Priesthood and Clergy
Unknown to Christianity.” A memoir of him, by
W. M. Fernald, was published in 1860.
BUSH, Norton, artist, b. in Rochester, N. Y.,
22 Feb., 1834. He studied art in his native town,
and in 1851 became a pupil of Jasper P. Cropsey
in New York. Most of his life has been spent in
San Francisco. In 1853, 1868, and 1875 he visited
South America, and he has devoted himself spe-
cially to painting the scenery of the tropics. He
was elected, in 1877, director of the San Francisco
art association, of which he had been a member
since 1874, and was president of the Sacramento
" Bric-a-Brac Club " from 1879 till 1882. Among
his works are "Mount Diablo" (1858); "City of
Panama " (1869): " Western Slope of the Cordil-
leras " (1872); " Mount Chimborazo " (1876);
" Lake Tahoe " (1885); and " Sutter's Fort, Califor-
nia, in 1846 and 1886 " (1886). His " Summit of
the Sierras" (1868) is in the Crocker gallery, Sac-
ramento, and his " Lake Nicaragua " (1869) in the
Stanford gallery, San Francisco.
BUSHNELL, Charles Ira, editor, b. in New York city, 28 July, 1826; d. there in 1883. He was
of the same family as David Bushnell, the inventor.
He studied law with Thecxlore Sedgwick in New
York, but did not practise, devoting his time to the
editorship and publication of many personal nar-
ratives of the revolution and the collection of coins
and medals. He directed his attention particu-
larly to the antiquities of his own city, of which he
collected many curious memorials. A full list of
his numerous publications, most of which have
been printed privately, is given in Duyckinck's
" Cyclopaedia of American Literature." Among
them are " An Arrangement of Tradesmen's Cards,
etc., Current for the last Sixty Years" (1858); a
series of " Crumbs for Antiquarians "; and " Recol-
lections of Christopher Hawkins " (New York, 1864).
BUSHNELL, David, inventor, b. in Saybrook,
Conn., in 1742; d. in Warrenton, Ga., in 1824. He
was graduated at Yale in 1775. He had previously
given some attention to submarine warfare, and
during his college course he matured plans that led
to the production of what may be called the earli-
est of torpedoes. His intention was to fix a small
powder-magazine to the bottom of a vessel, and to
explode it by a clock-work apparatus. In order to
do this, he contrived a tortoise-shaped diving-boat
of iron plate, which contained air enough to sup-
ply a man for half an hour. This boat, called the
"American Turtle," was propelled by a sort of
screw, and guided by means of a compass made
visible by phosphorus. The torpedo was carried
outside of the boat, but could be detached by the
concealed operator contained within. It was con-
nected by a line to a screw, which was to be driven
into the bottom of the hostile ship. As soon as
this was eflfected, the torpedo was to be cast oflE
when it floated against the vessel's side. The ac-
tion of casting off set the clock-work going, and
then the operator had time to retii-e to a safe dis-
tance before the catastrophe. A detailed account
of this machine is given in the " Transactions of
the American Philosophical Society " and in Silli-
man's " American Journal of Science " in 1820. A
machine capable of conveying an operator with 100
pounds of powder was tested on " The Eagle," a
British 64-gun-ship lying in New York harbor, but
the attempt proved unsuccessful. In 1777, in an
attack on the frigate " Cerberus " at anchor off
New London, he blew tip a schooner astern of the
frigate, and killed several men on board. This was
the first vessel ever destroyed in such a manner.
Mr. Bnshnell invented several other machines for
the annoyance of the British shipping; but from
accidents, not militating against the philosophical
principles on which their success depended, they but
partially succeeded. In January, 1778. he sent a
fleet of kegs down the Delaware, to destroy the
British ships that held possession of the river,
against which fire-ships had been ineffectually em-
ployed. Owing to the darkness, they were left at
too great a distance from the shipping, and were
dispersed by the ice, but during the following day
exploded and blew up a boat, occasioning no little
alarm to the British seamen. This incident gave
rise to the humorous poem by Francis Hopkinson,
entitled " The Battle of the Kegs." Mr. Bushnell
served continuously during the war, attaining the
rank of captain in the corps of sappers and miners,
and was on duty at New York, Hudson Highlands, Philadelphia, Yorktown, and elsewhere.
Later he went to France, and was supposed to have
died there, but he appeared to have been subse-
quently at the head of one of the most important
schools in Georgia, after which he settled in War-
renton. where he practised medicine as Dr. Bush.
BUSHNELL, Horace, clergyman, b. in New Preston. Litchfield co., Conn.. 14 April, 1802; d. in Hartford. Conn., 17 Feb., 1876. He was the son of a farmer, and was employed, when a boy, in a
