ing tours to the Bai'badoes, and through Mary- land, Nortli Carolina, and Rhode Island, at times riding 1,000 miles on horseback. He continued his work till 1707. and in that year again visited the Barbadoes, sailing thence to Great Britain, and, after a visit to Holland and Germany, returned to Philadelphia. His death was the result of a fever contracted while on one of his visits to the West Indies. The library of the four monthly meetings of Friends in Philadelphia was founded by a be- quest from hira. He left an interesting journal of his " Life, Labors, and Travels," which was pub- lished with a collection of his tracts (Philadel- phia, 1747 ; New York, 1808).
CHALMERS, Joseph Williams, senator, b. in
Halifax county, Va., 21 July, 1807; d. in Holly
Springs, Miss., 10 June, 1853. He was the son of a
planter, who came from Scotland, and was trained
to mercantile pursuits. After the death of his fa-
ther, having spent two years in the University of
Virginia, he studied law in the office of William
Leigh at Halifax Court-IIouse, Va. In 1834 he
removed to Jackson, Tenn., and in 1839 to Holly
Springs, Miss. In 1841-'3 he was vice-chancellor,
and in 1845 he was appointed to the seat in the
U. S. senate rendered vacant by the appointment of
Robert J. Walker to the head of the treasury de|)art-
nient, being subsequently elected for the remainder
of the term. He served in the senate from 7 Dec,
1845, till 3 March, 1847, and was succeeded by
Henry S. Poote. — His son, James Roland, soldier, b. near News Ferry, Halifax co., Va., 11 Jan.,
1831 ; d. in j\Iem-
phis, 9 April, 1898.
Leaving Dr. 11 awks's
scliool he was grad-
uated at South Caro-
lina college second in
his class. He stud-
ied law, and was ad-
niilted to the bar in
Holly Springs, Miss.,
in 1853. Il£ accept-
ed the colonelcy of
tlie 9th Mississippi
infantry in March,
1861, and a year later
was made brigadier-
general. At Sliiloh
lie commanded the
extreme right of the
confederate army,
and succeeded in forcing his way nearer to Pitts- burg Landing than any other brigade commander. Gen. Chalmers was seriously wounded in the bat- tle of Murfreesboro', on Stone river, and after his transfer from infantry to cavalry service he com- manded the 1st division of Forrest's cavalry from January, 1864, to May, 1865, when he was paroled at Gainesville, Ga. He was elected to the state sen- ate in 1875, was a member of the 45th and three suc- ceeding congresses, being a prominent member of that body, and wrote a work entitled " Probate Law and Practice in Mississippi and Tennessee" (Mem- phis, 1890). — Another son, Hamilton Henderson, b. in Mount Pleasant, N. C, 3 Oct., 1834; d. in Mem- phis, Tenn., 20 Jan.. 1885. He was graduated at the University of Oxford, Miss., in June, 1853, studied law, and soon achieved distinction in that profes- sion. He was a judge of the Mississippi supreme court from May, 1876, to the date of his death. — A third son, Alexander Henderson, b. in Holly Springs in 1840, was colonel of the 18th Mississippi cavalry, served through the war, and died on his plan- tation in Crittenden county, Ark., in January, 1873.
CHALMERS, Lionel, physician, b. in Cara-
bleton, Scotland, about 1715 ; d. in Charleston,
S. C, in 1777. He studied medicine at the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, and then settled in South
Carolina, where he practised for more than forty
years, first in Cliiist church parish and then in
Charleston. Dr. Chalmers recorded observations
on the weather of South Carolina for ten successive
years, beginning with 1750, and the results were
published as " A Treatise on the Weather and Dis-
eases of South Carolina " (London, 1776). He also
wrote a paper on " Opisthotonus and Tetanus,"'
which he communicated to the London medical
society, and it was published in their " Transac-
tions " in 1754. He was also the author of a valu-
able " Essav on Fevers " (Charleston, 1767).
CHAMBERLAIN, Daniel Henry, governor of
Soutli Carolina, b. in West Brookfield, Mass., 23
June, 1835. He was graduated at Yale in 1862,
and at Harvard law-school in 1803. He entered
the army in 1864 as lieutenant in the 5th Massa-
chusetts colored cavalry, was promoted to be cap-
tain, and served in Maryland, Louisiana, and Texas.
He went to South Carolina in 18G6, and became a
cotton-planter. He was a delegate to the constitu-
tional convention of 1868, and in the same year
became attorney-general of the state. On his re-
tirement from this office in 1872 he resumed his
law practice at Columbia, S. C, and in 1874 was
elected governor of the state. In 1875 he refused
to issue commissions to two judges who had been
elected by the legislature, and who were condemned
as corrupt by the best men of both parties. For
this action the governor was publicly thanked by
prominent citizens of Charleston. Gov. Chamber-
lain was renominated by the republicans in Septem-
ber, 1876. The year had been marked by several
serious conflicts between whites and negroes, and
it was reported that more than 16,000 of the for-
mer, in all parts of the state, had organized " rifle-
clubs." On 7 Oct., 1876, the governor issued a
proclamation commanding these clubs to disband,
on the grovmd that they had been formed to in-
tmiidate the negroes and influence the coming
election. An answer to this proclamation was
made by the democratic executive committee, de-
nying the governor's statements. Gov. Charaber-
hiin then applied to President Grant for military
aid, and the latter ordered U. S. troops to be sent
to South Carolina. After the election, the return-
ing-board, disregarding an order of the state su-
preme court, whose authority they denied, declared
the republican ticket elected, throwing out the vote
of Edgefield and Laurens counties, on account of
alleged fraud and intimidation. The members
from these counties were refused admission to the
house, whereupon the democratic members of the
legislature withdrew, and, organizing by them-
selves, declared Wade Hampton, the democratic
candidate for governor, elected, as he had received
a majority of the votes cast, counting those of the
two disputed counties. The republican members
declared Chamberlain elected, and he refused to
give up his office to Hampton, who was supported
by the majority of white people in the state. After
the inauguration of President Hayes, both claim-
ants were invited to a conference in Washington,
the result of which was that the president withdrew
the troops from South Carolina, and Chamberlain
issued a proclamation declaring that he should no
longer assert his claims. He then removed to New
York city. See "Governor Chamberlain's Administration," by Walter Allen (New York, 1888).
CHAMBERLAIN, Jeremiah, educator, b. near Great Conewago, York co., Pa., 5 Jan., 1794; d. in