Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 1).djvu/661

safely over the rapids, and soon landed at the old deserted Fort Massac, and, marching thence six days across the country, a portion of the time without food, took Kaskaskia by surprise, 4 July. The other French villages in that quarter followed suit and surrendered at discretion. The Illinois country was thus captured without the firing of a gun or the loss of a man. Clark conciliated the surrounding Indian tribes, changing enemies into friends. All this tended to alarm the British. Gov. Hamilton at Detroit marched a large force, mostly Indians, and retook Vineennes early in De- cember of that year. This intelligence soon reached Kaskaskia. " 1 nuist take Hamilton, or he will take me," said Clark; and with fewer than 170 men, all told, he marched across the country in midwinter, through the submerged lands of the Wabash and its tributaries, sometimes breaking the ice, too thin to bear them, often wading up to their armpits in water, with scanty food, but buoyed up by patriotic hopes. They at length appeared before the astonished garrison, plied successfully their unerring rifles, and in a few hours Col. Hamilton yielded up the fort, sur- rendering to CUark and his ragged followers, 24 Feb., 1779. The weakness of his force and the poverty of Virginia alone prevented his attempt- ing the capture of Detroit. Early in 1780 Clark established Fort Jefferson, a little below the mouth of the Ohio. Hearing of the approach of a for- midable British and Indian force against Cahokia, his upper garrison, and the Spanish settlement of St. Louis, Clark hastened with a party to the re- lief of Cahokia, reaching there just in time to re- pel the enemy. Learning from them that another large force was marching to Kentucky, he hastened there on foot, with but two companions, leaving his Illinois troops to follow the retreating enemy to their towns on Rock river, which they found deserted and destroyed. On reaching Kentucky, Clark learned of Bird's invasion, capturing Mar- tin's and Ruddell's stations, with 840 prisoners, when he hastily gathered a thousand men, invaded the Shawnee country, defeated the Indians, and laid waste their villages. Once more Clark's attention was turned toward Detroit, the headquartei's of British power and influence in the northwest, whence savage war -parties were constantly sent forth to harass and destroy the infant settlements of Kentucky. Going to Virginia, he concerted with Gov. Jefferson and council a campaign against Detroit, which met the approval and assistance of Gen. Washington. Before it could be carried into effect, Arnoki"s invasion of Virginia in January, 1781, occurred, when Clark temporarily headed 240 riflemen and ambuscaded a party of the ene- my at Hood's, on James river ; and then hastened forward, with the commission of brigadier-general, for the execution of his scheme against Detroit. But it miscarried, owing to the poverty of Vir- ginia, the difficulty of raising an adequate force with inadequate means, and the powerful opposi- tion of the enemy, headed by Brant, the great Mo- hawk chief, McKee, Girty, and other border lead- ers, who attacked Clark's detachment and invaded the Bear-grass settlements around Louisville. In 1782, after the British and Indian attack on Bry- an's station, and the disastrous defeat of the Ken- tuckians at the Blue Licks, Clark led forth 1,000 men, driving back the savages on Big Miami, and destroying their villages and means of sustenance. This was Clark's last important service, as his ex- pedition up the Wabash in 1786, and his efforts in behalf of France in 1793-'4, against the Span- iards on the Mississippi, proved abortive. The freedom of Clark's early life had unfitted hitn for domestic happiness, and he never married. A tra- dition is preserved in the family that he was fasci- nated with the beauty of the daughter of the Span- ish governor of St. Louis when he relieved that post from an Indian attack. Observing a want of courage in the governor, he broke off his addresses to the girl, saying to his friends : " I will not be the father of a race of cowards." His last years were spent alone and hi poverty, in a rude dwelling on Corn island, until his sister took him to her home at Locust Grove, near Louisville. He felt keenly what he considered the ingratitude of the republic in leaving him in poverty and obscurity, and when the state of Virginia sent him a sword, he received the compliments of the committee in gloomy si- lence. Then he exclaimed : " When Virginia need- ed a sword, I gave her one. She sends me now a toy. I want bread ! " He thrust the sword into the ground and broke it with his crutch. Clark was tall and commanding, brave and full of re- sources, possessing the affection and confidence of his men. All that rich domain northwest of the Ohio was secured to the republic, at the peace of 1783, in consequence of his prowess. His grave is in Cave Hill cemetery at Louisville, marked by a little headstone bearing the letters G. R. C. It is said that not half a dozen people in the United States can point it out. — His brother, William, soldier, b. in Virginia, 1 Aug., 1770 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 1 Sept., 1838. He was the youngest of six brothers, four of whom were distinguished in the revolution. He removed with his family in 1784 to the falls of the Ohio, in Kentucky, the site of the present city of Louisville, where his brother George Rogers' had built a fort. That part of the country was then known as " the dark and bloody ground," on account of the frequent Indian raids, and young Clark became early acquainted with the methods of Indian warfare. He was appoint- ed ensign at the age of eighteen, and on 7 March, 1792, became a lieutenant of infantry. He was assigned to the 4th sub-legion in December of that year, was made adjutant and quartermaster in September, 1793, and resigned in July, 1796, on account of ill health. Soon afterward he removed to St. Louis, and in March, 1804, was appointed by President Jefferson a second lieutenant of ar- tillery, with orders to join Capt. Merriwether Lewis's exploring expedition from St. Louis across the Rocky mountains to the mouth of Columbia river. Clark was really the principal military di- rector of the expedition, materially assisted Capt. Lewis in the scientific arrangements, and kept a journal, which was afterward published. His inti- mate knowledge of Indian habits and character had much to do with the success of the explora- tion. He was promoted to first lieutenant in Jan- uary, 1806, and was nominated to be lieutenant- colonel of the 2d infantry, but was not confirmed by the senate. He resigned from the army, 27 Feb., 1807, and officiated as Indian agent till he was appointed by congress brigadier-general for the territory of Upper Louisiana. During the war of 1812 he declined the appointment of briga- dier-general in the army, and also the command then held by Gen. Hull. President Madison ap- pointed him governor of Missouri territory in 1813, and he held the office till the organization of the state in 1821, when he was, against his will, a candidate for election to the same office, and was defeated. He remained in private life till May, 1822, when President Monroe made him superintendent of Indian affairs at St. Louis, and he held this office till his death.