trine of Prayer " (1854) ; " Karl Hase. Life of Jesus," translated from the German (1860) ; " Service Book " (1844) ; " Disciples' Plymn Book " (1844) ; " Ortho- doxy : its Truths and' Errors " (1866) ; " The Hour which Cometh," sermons (1864) ; " Steps of Be- lief, or Rational Christianity maintained against Atheism, Free Religion, and Romanism" (1870); "Ten Great Religions," an essay in comparative theology (1871-'83) ; " Go up Higher, or Religion in Common Life," sermons (1877) ; " Common Sense in Religion," essays (1879); "'Exotics: At- tempts to Domesticate Them," translations in verse (1876); "Essentials and Non-Essentials in Religion " (1878) ; " How to Find the Stars," an account of the astronomical lantern (invented and patented by him) and its use (1878) ; " Memorial and Biographial Sketches " (1878) ; " Events and Epochs in Religious History " (1881) ; " Legend of Thomas Didymus, the Jewish Sceptic " (New York, 1881); "Self-Culture" (Boston, 1882); " The Ideas of the Apostle Paul " (1884) ; " Anti- Slavery Days" (New York, 1884); "Manual of Unitarian Belief" (1884); "Every-Day Religion" (Boston, 1886); and "Vexed Questions" (1886).
CLARKE, Jeremiah, president-regent of Rhode
Island, b. in England ; d. in Newport, R. I., in 1652.
He was an eider of Pocasset and one of the origi-
nal settlers of Newport in 1689, was elected con-
stable of the new plantation on 12 March, 1640,
became treasurer of the province in May, 1647,
was continued in that office, and chosen as one of
the president's assistants the following year.
When William Coddington, the president-elect, a
royalist who desired to separate the island from
the other towns and unite it to Plymouth, neglect-
ed to enter upon the office and to meet the charges
brought against him in the assembly, Clarke, who
was one of the leaders of the dominant republican
party, was selected by that body to fill the place
provisionally, with the title of president-regent,
until the following May, when John Smith, of
Warwick, was regularly elected.
CLARKE, John, physician, and one of the
founders of Rhode Island, b. in Suffolk, England,
8 Oct., 1609 ; d. in Newport, R. I., 20 April, 1676.
He was well educated, but it is not known where
and how he obtained his intellectual tr-aining.
Deeply sympathizing with the Puritans in their
struggles, he emigrated to the New World, arriving
at Boston in November, 1637. Finding the gov-
ernment at Boston intolerant and oppressive, and
the comiiTunity rent with controversies, he resolved
to plant a new colony. In company with Codding-
ton and others, and with the encouragement of
Roger Williams, he selected an island in Narra-
gansett bay, known as Aquidneck, afterward called
Rhode Island, as his retreat from intolerance. The
lands were purchased from the Indians, the deed
bearing date 24 March, 1688. From the north end
of the island, where the first settlement was made,
the government was soon transferred to a place at
the south end, which received the name of New-
port. When in 1647 Aquidneck was united with
the other settlements, which afterward became the
state of Rhode Island, a code of laws was framed
for the confederacy, closing with these memorable
words : " And otherwise than thus what is herein
forbidden, all men may walk as their consciences
persuade them, every one in the name of his God.
And let the saints of the Most High walk in this
colony without molestation, in the name of Jeho-
vah, their God, for ever and ever." It is supposed
that John Clarke was the author of this code. In
1688 a church was gatliered, to which he ministered
as teacher, and the second Baptist church established
in A merica. While on a visit to one of the members
of his church, William Witter, who lived in Lynn,
Mr. Clarke, with his two companions, Obadiah
Holmes and John Crandall, was arrested and sen-
tenced to pay a fine of £20, " or else to be well
whipped." Some person unknown to him paid the
fine, much to his regret. Troubles having arisen
in his infant colony, and its existence being threat-
ened, he was induced in 1651 to go to England,
with the hope of obtaining relief from the court.
In the next year, 1652, his famous work in defence
of liberty of conscience was published in London.
It was entitled " 111 News from New England ; or,
a Narrative of New England's Persecution." Clarke
remained abroad for some time, laboring for the
welfare of his colony. In 1663 he obtained from
King Charles a charter whose piovisions were of
unparalleled liberality, guaranteeing that " no per-
son within the said colony, at any time hereafter,
shall be in anywise molested, punished, disquieted,
or called in question for any differences of opinion
on matters of religion." In one of his addresses
to the king he said of his colony : " It desires to be
permitted to hold forth in a lively experiment that
a flourishing civil state may stand, yea, and best be
maintained, and that among English spirits, with
a full liberty of religious concernments." After
an absence of more than twelve years, Clarke re-
turned home in 1664. He was immediately elected
to the general assembly, and continued to be re-
elected until 1669, when he was made deputy gov-
ernor, an honor repeated in 1671. Besides other
important services for his colony, he was appointed
to " compose all the laws into a good method and
order, leaving out what may be superfluous, and
adding what may appear unto him necessary." He
left most of his property in the hands of trustees,
for I'eligious and educational purposes. He has
been called the " Father of Rhode Island " and the
" Father of American Baptists." His doctrinal
views have been pronounced " so clear and scriptu-
ral that they might stand as the confession of faith
of Baptists to-day, after more than two centuries
of experience and investigation." It is claimed for
him that he was the first to show " in an actual
government that the best safeguard of personal
rights is Christian law." There is no full memoir
of Clarke's life and times. Besides general histo-
ries, see Isaac Baekus's " History of New England,
with Special Refei-ence to the Baptists " (3 vols.,
1777-'96; new ed., 2 vols., 1871), and articles on
Clarke's place in history, in the " Baptist Quarter-
ly " for 1876, by Prof. John C. C. Clarke, under the
title of " The Pioneer Statesman."
CLARKE, John Mason, geologist, b. in Canan-
daigua, N. Y., 15 April, 1857. He was educated
at Amherst, and at the University of Gottingen,
Germany. From 1881 till 1884 he was professor
of geology and mineralogy at Smith college, North-
ampton, Mass., after which he filled a similar chair
in the Massachusetts agricultural college at Am-
herst, and in 1886 became assistant paleontolo-
gist of the state of New York. His published pa-
pers include "New Devonian Crustacea" (1882);
"Devonian Crustacea" (1883); " Cirriped Crusta-
cea from the Devonian " (1883) : " Ueber Deutsche
Oberdevonische Crustaceen " (1884); "Die Fauna
des Iberger Kalks " (1884) ; " On Devonian Spores "
(1885); "The Geological Succession in Ontario
County, N. Y." (1886) : and " On tlie Higher Devo-
nian Faunas of Ontario County, N. Y." (1886).
CLARKE, John Sleeper, comedian, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1835. He became a member of an amateur dramatic association in his native city in early life, and essayed tragic parts, but made his dehut
