him as a reward for his services, and in 1673 another was bestowed upon his widow.
CLOSSY, Samuel, educator, b. in Ireland about
1715; d. there in 1776. He studied medicine, and
was the author of a work entitled " Observations
on Some of the Diseases of the Human Body,
Chiefly taken from the Dissections of Morbid
Bodies" (1763). In 1764 he emigrated to America,
and the year following was appointed professor of
natural philosophy in King's (now Columbia) col-
lege, and retained this chair until 1776, when he
resigned. Upon the organization of a medical
school in connection with the college in 1767, he
became professor of anatomy. Being a loyalist, at
the beginning of the war of independence he re-
turned to his native country.
CLOUGH, George Lafayette, b. in Auburn,
N. Y., 18 Sept., 1824. His natural taste for draw-
ing was evinced at an early age, and when he was
ten years old he thought of little else. At this
time a wagon-painter, who had seen several of his
sketches, gave him some colors on a bit of shingle,
with brushes and a smooth piece of board, and
Clough made his first oil-painting, which he still
retains. He entered the service of the local physi-
cian, who, knowing his predilections, arranged his
work in such a way that he could devote part of
his time to painting. When he was eighteen years
old a portrait-painter named Palmer gave him
some lessons in return for studio work, and after a
year he began to paint pictures or anything else
that promised a suppoi-t. About 1844 Charles L.
Elliot came to Auburn to take Gov. Seward's por-
trait, and from him Clough obtained his first ideas
of really good, artistic work. Securing some
chance commissions, he was enabled to visit New
York and obtain further instruction from Elliot,
who always remained his firm friend. In 1850 he
went to Europe and copied pictures in the princi-
pal galleries of the continent, and after his return
he generally resided near New York, where he
found a ready sale for his paintings.
CLOUGH, John E., missionary, b. in Chautauqua county. N. Y., 16 July, 1836. He was
graduated at Upper Iowa university in 1862, ap-
pointed by the American Baptist missionary union
a missionary to India, and arrived in that country
in 1865, spending his first year among the Teloo-
goos at Nellore. In 1866 he removed to Ongole,
and at the end of 1879 he had gathered a church
of more than 13,000 members. During the great
famine in India he rendered the government the
most valuable service in distributing aid to the
sufferers by the famine.
CLOVER, Lewis P., painter, b. in New York
city, 20 Feb., 1819 ; d. in New Hackensack, N. Y.,
16 Nov., 1896. He was educated in New York and
at the College of St. James, Maryland. He studied
painting, and afterward engraving for three years
under Asher B. Durand. After this he adopted
painting as a profession and followed it success-
fully for several years in New York and Balti-
more. He was elected an associate of the National
academy of design in 1840. Through the influence
of Chief-Justice Taney he was led to enter the min-
istry of the Protestant Episcopal church, was or-
dained deacon in 1850, and afterward entered the
priesthood. He was rector of churches in Lexing-
ton, Va., Springfield, 111., and elsewhere. In 1858
he received the degree of D. D. from the Univer-
sity of Kentucky. The titles of some of his best-
known paintings are " The Rejected Picture," " The
Idle Man," " Repose by Moonlight," and " The
Phrenologist." These were all exhibited in the
National academy of design. The American re-
print of Burnet's " Practical Hints on Composi-
tion in Painting" (Philadelphia, 1853) was edited
by Dr. Clover, who furnished the etchings that
illustrate the loook. He published numerous ser-
mons and addresses, notably one on the death of
Chief-Justice Taney (1864), which is largely quoted
in Tvler's memoirs.
CLUSERET, Gustave Paul, soldier, b. in
Paris, France, 13 June, 1823. He entered the mili-
tary school of St. Cyr in 1841, became lieutenant
in January, 1848, and was made a chevalier of the
legion of honor for bravery in suppressing the in-
surrection of June, 1848. A few months after the
coup d'etat he was retired for political reasons, and
opened a painter's studio in Paris, but was shortly
afterward replaced and served in Algeria and the
Crimean war, being promoted to captain in 1855.
He resigned his commission in 1858. joined Gari-
baldi in 1860, and commanded the French legion
in his army, receiving the brevet of colonel in
November of that year for gallantry at the siege
of Capua, where he was wounded. He came to
the United States in January, 1862, entered the
National army, and was appointed aide-de-camp
to Gen. McClellan, with the rank of colonel. He
was soon afterward assigned to Gen. Fremont,
who placed him in command of the advanced
guard. He was in several engagements, and was
brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers on 14
Oct., 1862, for gallantry in the battle of Cross Keys.
After some further service in the Shenandoah val-
ley, he resigned on 2 Mai'ch, 1863, and in 1864 ed-
ited in New York city the " New Nation," a weekly
journal advocating Fremont for the presidency,
and vehemently opposing the renomination of
Lincoln. Gen. Cluseret returned to Europe in
1867, took part in the Fenian agitation of that
year, and was accused by the journals of leading,
under an assumed name, the attack on Chester
castle. In the same year Cluseret wrote for the
" Courrier Fran^ais " a series of articles on " The
Situation in the United States." In 1868 an ob-
noxious article in " L'Art," a journal founded by
him, caused his imprisonment for two months, and
in 1869, on account of his violent attacks on the
organization of the army, he was again arrested,
but pleaded that he was a naturalized American
citizen, and was given up to Minister ^Vashburne,
who sent him out of the country. He returned to
Paris on the fall of the second empire, which he
had predicted, and began to assail the provisional
government, but soon afterward engaged in at-
tempts at insurrection in Lyons and IMarseilles.
In the following spring he bcame minister of war
under the commune, and for a time was at the
head of all its military operations. He was arrested
on suspicion of treachery on 1 May, 1871, but es-
caped, and settled near Geneva in 1872. He was
condemned to death in his absence by a council of
war, on 30 Aug. of that year. In 1893 Cluseret was
elected to the French chamber of deputies. He
has published a pamphlet on " Mexico and the Soli-
darity of Nations " (1866) ; " L'Armee et la denio-
cratie " (1869) ; and assisted to prepare the " Dic-
tionnaire historique et geographique de I'Algerie."
CLYDE, Lord, Sir Colin Campbell, British soldier, b. in Glasgow, Scotland, 20 Oct., 1792 ; d. in Chatham, England, 14 Aug., 1863. He entered the army in 1808, and served in the peninsular war. In 1814-'5 he participated in the war against the United States, and in 1823 aided in quelling an insurrection in Demerara. Having
been appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, he arrived m Halifax in July, 1834, and at once entered upon the duties of his office. Sir
