Arnold gave him six papers containing full information as to the state of the defences at West Point, and also passes enabling him to return either by land or by water to New York. Smith persuaded him to take the journey by land, and accompanied him part of the way. Contrary to Clinton's positive instructions, André adopted a disguise, and, contrary to Arnold's positive instructions, Smith left him before he had reached the British lines. Soon after Smith left him he was stopped by three young men whom he supposed to be tories, and incautiously let them know that he was a British officer. The young men, who were patriotic Americans, searched his person, and, finding the treasonable documents in his stockings, arrested him. He was tried by a board of six major-generals and eight brigadiers, found guilty of acting as a spy, and condemned to the gallows. His remains were buried on the spot where he suffered, but in 1821 they were taken to England and interred in Westminster Abbey. His hard fate has been much commiserated on account of his engaging personal qualities, but the justice of his sentence is generally conceded by British writers as well as American. Each of André's captors — John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart — received from congress a silver medal and an annuity of $200. His life has been written by Sparks, in his “American Biographies,” and much more fully by Winthrop Sargent, “Life and Career of Major John André” (Boston, 1801).
ANDREE, Karl Theodor, German geographer, b. in Brunswick, 20 Oct., 1808; After studying at Jena, Göttingen, and Berlin, he became a journalist and published, in 1850-'51, at Brunswick, a work entitled “Nordamerika in geographischen und geschichtlichen Umrissen.” Among his other works are “Buenos Ayres und die argentinische Republik” (Leipsic, 1856); “Geographische Wanderungen” (Dresden, 1859); and “Geographie des Welthandels” (Stuttgart, 1863). In 1861 he began the publication of the geographical magazine “Globus.” During the American civil war he advocated the cause of the secessionists.
ANDREW, James Osgood, M. E. bishop, b. in Wilkes CO., near Washington, Ga., 3 May, 1794; d. in Mobile, Ala., 1 March, 1871. He was the son of a Methodist minister who was a partisan ranger in the revolution. He entered the South Carolina conference in 1812, was ordained deacon in 1814,
received full ordination in 1816, preached on circuits in Georgia and North Carolina, was stationed at Savannah, Charleston, Greensljoi'ough, and Athens, was presiding elder for several years, and in 1832 was chosen bishop by the general conference that met at Philadelphia. After Emory college was established in 1841, he resided at Oxford, Ga. In 1844 he married for his second wife Mrs.
Leonora Greenwood, of Greensborough, who possessed a few slaves, and after marriage he conveyed to his wife all the rights in her property that the law gave him. He was himself the legal owner of a negro woman, who had been left in his charge by a deceased parishioner, with the request that she might be sent to Liberia or remain with him, at her option, and also of a boy who had been bequeathed
to his former wife. At the general conference, held
in New York in 1844, the fact that Bishop Andrew was a slave-holder was the subject of a heated discussion, ending with the adoption of a resolution,
by a vote of 111 to 69, requesting him to desist
from performing the offices of bishop so long as he
remained a slave-owner. When he became aware
of the excitement caused by the fact that one of
the bishops of the church was interested in slave
property, he decided to resign his episcopal office,
but was deterred by a formal request from the southern delegates to the conference. The representatives of thirteen southern conferences protested against this action and repudiated the jurisdiction of the general convention, and in May, 1846, the Methodist Episcopal church, south, was organized as an independent body, in a general
conference held at Petersburg, Va. Bishop Andrew presided as senior bishop over this organization until his death. After a visit to California in 1855, to look after the interests of the struggling southern Methodist church there, he took up his residence in Summerfield, Ala. The New Orleans conference of 1866 granted him a retired relation at his own request. He published a volume of "Miscellanies" and a work on "Family Government."
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ANDREW, John Albion, statesman, b. in Windham, Me., 31 May, 1818; d. in Boston, Mass., 30 Oct., 1867. His father, descended from an early settler of Boxford, Mass., was a prosperous merchant in Windham. John Albion was graduated at Bowdoin in 1837. He was a negligent student, though fond of reading, and in his professional life always felt the lack of training in the habit of close application. He immediately entered on the study of the law in the office of Henry H. Fuller, in Boston, where in 1840 he was admitted to the bar. Until the outbreak of the war he practised his profession in that city, attaining special distinction in the fugitive-slave cases of Shadrach Burns and Sims, which arose under the fugitive-slave law of 1850. He became interested in the slavery question in early youth, and was attracted toward many of the reform movements of the day. After his admission to the bar he took an active interest in politics and frequently spoke on the stump on behalf of the whig party, of which he was an enthusiastic member. From the year 1848 he was closely identified with the anti-slavery party of Massachusetts, but held no office until 1858, when he was elected a member of the state legislature from Boston, and at once took a leading position in that body. In 1860 he was a delegate to the Chicago republican convention, and, after voting for Mr. Seward on the early ballots, announced the change of the vote of part of the Massachusetts delegation to Mr. Lincoln. In the same year he was nominated for governor by a popular impulse. Many feared that the radicalism of his opinions would render him unsafe in action, and the political managers regarded him as an intruder and opposed his nomination; yet he was elected the twenty-first governor of Massachusetts since the adoption of the constitution of 1780 by the largest popular vote ever cast for any candidate. He was energetic in placing the militia of Massachusetts on a war footing, in anticipation of the impending conflict between the government and the seceded states. He had announced this purpose in his inaugural address in 1861, and, upon
