litigation before the state and federal courts. He was elected to congress in 1840 as a whig, and served a single term. He became in 1848 a judge of the superior court of Ohio, and he was a member of the constitutional conventions of 1849 and 1873, where his influence was felt upon important committees. He was urged at one time to allow himself to be a candidate for governor, but declined this distinction, as well as others for which his name was mentioned, because he preferred to remain in private life. For a time he shared with Thomas Corwin the leadership of the Ohio bar. His wit, his eloquence, his sympathy, his good sense, and his integrity gave him great power before a jury or before the public.
ANDREWS, Stephen Pearl, author, b. in Templeton, Mass., 22 March, 1812 ; d. in New York city, 21 May, 1886. He studied at Amherst college, and then, removing to New Orleans, became a lawyer. He was the first counsel of Mrs. Myra Clark Gaines
in her celebrated suits. He was an ardent abolitionist, and in 1839 removed to Texas, where he converted many of the slave-owners, who were also large land-owners, by showing them that they would become rapidly rich from the sale of land
if immigration were induced by throwing the country open to free labor. Here he acquired considerable wealth in the practice of his profession. His impetuous and logical eloquence gained him a wide repute and great personal popularity ; but, on the other hand, his seemingly reckless and fanatical opposition to slavery aroused an intense
feeling of opposition, and his life was seriously en-
dangered. In 1843 he went to England in the
hope that, with the aid of the British anti-slavery
society, he might raise sufficient money there to
pay for the slaves and make Texas a free state.
He was well received, and the scheme was taken
up and favorably considered by the British gov-
ernment ; but, after some months of consultation,
the project was abandoned through fear that it
would lead to war with the United States, as the
knowledge of it was already being used to strength-
en the movement that ultimately led to the annex-
ation of Texas and to the Mexican war. Mr. An-
drews went to Boston and became a leader in the
anti-slaveiy movement there. While in England
he learned of phonography, and during seven years
after his return he devoted his attention to its in-
troduction, and was the founder of the present sys-
tem of phonographic reporting. He removed to
New York in 1847, and published a series of pho-
nographic instruction-books and edited two jour-
nals m the interest of phonography and spelling
reform, which were printed in phonetic type, the
" Anglo-Saxon " and the " Propagandist." He
spoke several languages, and is said to have been
familiar with thirty. Among his works are one on
the Chinese language, and one entitled " New
French Instructor," embodying a new method.
He was a tireless student and an incessant worker ;
but his mental labor was performed without effort
or fatigue. While yet a young man he announced
the discovery of the unity of law in the universe,
and to the development of this theory he devoted
the last thirty-five years of his life. The elements
of this science are contained in his " Basic Outline
of Universology " (New York, 1872). He asserted
that there is a science of language, as exact as that
of mathematics or of chemistry, forming a domain
of universology ; and by the application of this
science he evolved a " scientific " language, des-
tined, he believed, to become " the universal language." This scientific universal language he called "Alwato " (ahl-wah'-to). It was so far elaborated that for some years before his death he conversed and corresponded in it with several of his pupils, and was preparing a dictionary of Alwato, a portion
of which was in type at the time of his decease. The philosophy evolved from universology he called "Integralism." In it he believad would be found the ultimate reconciliation of the great thinkers of all schools and the scientific adjustment of freedom and order, not by a superficial eclecticism, but by a radical adjustment of all the possible forms of thought, belief, and idea. In 1882 he instituted
a series of conferences known as the " Colloquium,"
for the interchange of ideas between men of the
utmost diversity of religious, philosophical, and
political views. Among those associated with him
in this were Prof. Louis Elsberg, Rev. Dr. Rylance,
Rev. Di'. Newman, Rabbi Gottheil, Rev. Dr. Samp-
son, Rev. Dr. CoUyer, Prof. J. S. Sedgwick, T. B.
Wakeman, and Rabbi Huebsch. Mr. Andrews was
a prominent member of the Liberal club of New
York, and for some time was its vice-president.
His contributions to periodicals are numerous.
He was a member of the American academy of
Arts and Sciences and of the American Ethnologi-
cal Society. His works include " Comparison of the
Common Law with the Roman, French, or Span-
ish Civil Law on Entails and other Limited Prop-
erty in Real Estate " (New Orleans, 1839) ; " Cost the
Limit of Price " (New York, 1851) ; "The Consti-
tution of Government in the Sovereignty of the
Individual " (1851) ; " Love, Marriage, and Divorce,
and the Sovereignty of the Individual : a Discus-
sion by Henry James, Horace Greeley, and Stephen
Pearl Andrews," edited by Stephen Pearl An-
drews (1853); "Discoveries in Chinese; or. The
Symbolism of the Primitive Characters of the Chi-
nese System of Writing as a Contribution to Phi-
lology and Ethnology and a Practical Aid in the
Acquisition of the Chinese Language" (1854);
" Constitution or Organic Basis of the New Catho-
lic Church " (1860) ; " The Great American Crisis,"
a series of papers published in the " Continental
Monthlv " (1863-64) ; "A Universal Language"
("Continental Monthly," 1864); "The Primary
Synopsis of Universology and Alwato " (1871) ;
" Primarv Grammar of Alwato" (Boston, 1877);
"The Labor Dollar" (1881); "Elements of Uni-
versology " (New York, 1881) ; " Ideological Ety-
mology " (1881) ; " Transactions of the Colloquium,
with Documents and Exhibits " (vols, i and ii. New
York, 1882-83) ; " The Church and Religion of the
Future," a series of tracts (1886) ; and text-books
of phonography. Plis dictionary of Alwato was
published posthumously by his sons.
ANDREWS, Timothy Patrick, soldier, b. in
Ireland in 1794; d. 11 March, 1868. During the
war of 1812, when Barney's flotilla, in Patuxent
river, was confronting the enemy, he tendered his
services without the knowledge of his father, was
employed by the commodore as his aide, and ren-
dered "important services. He subsequently was in
active service in the field, and in 1822 appoint-
ed paymaster in the army. In 1847 he resigned
to take command of the" regiment of voltigeurs
raised for the Mexican war. He was distinguished
in the battle of Molino del Rey, and brevetted a
brigadier-general for gallant and meritorious con-
duct in the battle of Chapultepec. On the close
of the war and the disbandment of the voltigeurs,
he was reinstated, by act of congress, as pay-
master, and in 1851 was made deputy paymaster-
general. During the civil war, on the death of
Gen. Larned, Col. Andrews succeeded him as
paymaster-general of the army. He was retired
20 Nov., 1864.
