Earliest-known Period to 1850" (Hartford, 1853); " Oriental Acquaintance," a sketch of travels in Asia Minor (New York, 1856) ; " Witching Times " (1856) ; " European Acquaintance " (1858) ; " Sea- cliff," a novel (Boston, 1859); "Miss Ravenel's Conversion " (New York, 1867) ; " Overland " (New 'York, 1871); '-Kate Beaumont" (Boston, 1872); The Wetherell Affair " (New York, 1873) ; " Hon- est John Vane " (New Haven, 1875) ; " Justine Vane " (New York, 1875) ; " Playing the Mischief " (1876); "Irene Vane" (1877); "Irene, the Mission- ary " (Boston, 1879); "The Oddest of Courtships, or" the Bloody Chasm " (New York, 1881).
DEFREES, John Dourherty, b. in Sparta,
Tenn.. 8 Nov., 1811 ; d. in Berkeley Springs, West
Va., 19 Oct., 1882. In 1818 he was apprenticed by
his father to a printer in Ohio, and at the same
time began to study law. He was admitted to the
bar of Indiana in 1836, having removed to that
state a few years before to establish a newspaper
in conjunction with his brother. He was soon
elected to the legislature, and was several times re-
elected. In 1844 he resigned his seat in the state
senate, and bought the " Indiana State Journal," a
weekly paper published at Indianapolis. He re-
moved there and made that paper a daily, which
he edited for several years. After the Whig party
was dissolved he united with the Republican, and
in 1856 became the first chairman of the republi-
can state committee, which place he occupied until
1860. Mr. Defrees was a friend of many leading
politicians, among whom were Clay, Crittenden,
Webster, and Corwin, who regarded him as an
adroit politician. President Lincoln appointed
-him to the office of government printer, which he
filled for manv vears.
DEGOLLADO, Santos (day-gol-yah'-do), Mexi-
can general, b. in Morelia, state of Michoacan,
Mexico, 30 July, 1819 ; d. in June, 1861. He had
a good education, but little is known of his life
until he became prominent at the beginning of
1854 by revolting against the then powerful dicta-
tor, Santa Anna, and, together with Epitacio Huerta
and Pueblita, headed the rismg in the city of his
birth. He organized an army about 2,000 strong,
at the head of which he marched resolutely toward
the city of Mexico, issuing on the way a proclama-
tion, adopting the principles of the " Plan de
Ayutla," issued on 11 March, by Gen. Juan Alvarez,
whose forces he joined. After several victorious
engagements with the troops of the dictator and
the flight of the latter (16 Aug., 1855), Gen. Alvarez
was proclaimed president, and DegoUado with the
liberal army entered the capital, 15 Nov., 1855.
Degollado belonged to the liberal party, and with
Juarez, Lerdo de Tejada, Leon Guzman, and Eze-
quiel Montes, devoted all his energy to the success
of the principles proclaimed at Ayutla, and was
one of the deputies who signed the new Federal
constitution, 5 Feb., 1857. During the ensuing
troubles of the reactionary or church party, headed
by Miramon, he was in the field again in aid of the
liberal government represented by Juarez, and
commanded the constitutional forces at the unsuc-
cessful battle of Tacubaya, 11 April, 1859, against
the reactionary army under Leonardo Marquez. In
the same year he was elected governor of the state
of Michoacan, which office lie filled until 1861,
when serious political complications called him to
the capital of the republic. Notwithstanding the
final defeat of Miramon's forces at the battle of
Calpulalpam, 22 Dec, 1860, and his subsequent
flight from the country, the church party rose
again, and forces under Zuloaga, Marquez, and
Negrete threatened the government, and Degollado
hastened to tender his services, but in the mean-
while he had been again elected to congress. When
in June, 1861, his friend, Melchor Ocampo, was
taken prisoner by forces under the command of
Cajiga, and, on the road to Morelia, was assassin-
ated at Tepeji by order of Marquez, the govern-
ment, indignant at this new outrage, took active
measures, and Degollado asked of congress permis-
sion to take the command of the forces sent against
the rebels. Impatient of the arrival of a convoy
commanded by Gen. O'Horan, he left the city at the
head of 150 men, and, in the dense woods called
Monte de las Cruces, met the enemy under com-
mand of Galvez and Buitron, who were in ambush.
After a desperate fight of several hours, his ammu-
nition was exhausted, his troops scattered, and De-
gollado taken prisoner. He was robbed and dragged
away on foot, wlien suddenly Galvez's voice was
heard, and Degolladi was assassinated by his captors.
DE GROOT, Albert, captain, b. on Staten
Island in 1813; d. in Richfield Springs, N. Y., 17
Sept., 1887. He was taken into service by Cor-
nelius Vanderbilt, and rose to the rank of captain,
commanding boats on the Hudson. He erected
the Prescott House, on Broadway, in 1857, and
constructed the steamer "Jenny Lind." During
the war he built the steamers " Resolute " and " Re-
liance," which were purchased for the navy. He
promoted the erection of the Vanderbilt bronzes,
and presented to the printers of New York the
statue of Benjamin Franklin, which stands in front
of the "Times" and "Tribune" buildings.
DE HAAS, John Philip, soldier, b. in Holland
about 1735 ; d. in Philadelphia, 3 June, 1786. His
ancestors were an ancient family of northern France.
In 1750 he removed with his father to the United
States, settling in Lancaster county. Pa. He was
ensign in the old French war, and took part in
Bouquet's battle with the Indians at Bushy Run,
near Pittsburg, 5 and 6 Aug., 1763. In 1776 he
was appointed colonel of the 1st Pennsylvania regi-
ment. He served in Canada and at Ticonderoga,
and after the battle of Long Island was promoted
to brigadier-general, 21 Feb., 1777, serving until the
close of the war. In 1779 he went to Philadelphia,
where he spent the latter years of his life. His sou
served as ensign in his own regiment.
DE HAAS, William Frederick, marine painter b. in Rotterdam. Holland, in 1830 ; d. in Fayal, Azores, 16 July, 1880. He studied in his native city and at the Hague, emigrated to New York in 1854, and devoted himself to painting coast-scenery. He exhibited at the National academy. New York, in 1867, " Sunrisef on the Susquehanna " ; in 1875, " Fishing-Boats off Mt. Desert," " Boon Island,
Coast of Maine," and " Midsummer Noon, Biddeford Beach " ; in 1876, " The Lower Harbor of Halifax " and " Evening at Halifax " ; in 1877, "Nari-a-gansett Pier."— His brother, Maurice Frederick Hendrick, b. in Rotterdam in 1832 ; d. in New York city, 23 Nov., 1895, studied, and went to London, where he painted in water-colors for a year. He made many sketches on the English and Dutch coasts, and in 1857 was appointed artist to the Dutch navy. The subjects of his earlier pictures are chiefly from the English Channel and French coast. Among them are "Storm off the Isle of
Jersey" and "After the Wreck." In 1859 he removed to New York, where he was elected an associate to the National academy in 1863, an academician in 1867, and was one of the original members of the American society of painters in water-colors. Among his numerous pictures are "Farragut's Fleet passing tlie Forts below New Orleans," "The
Yacht Dauntless off Dover," "Deserting the Burn-
