July, 1876. He studied law in Spain, where he was admitted to tlie bar. While he was studying, the eastern part of the island of Santo Domingo, which had become independent from Spain, was conquered by the republic of Hayti, which occu- pied the western part, thus making the island into a single republic. The Haytians ruled with an iron hand on the conquered part, which was inhabited largely by people of Spanish descent. Duarte, after returning to his native city, conceived the idea of freeing his country, and founded in 1888 " La Trinitaria," a secret society, which soon ex- tended tlirough the Spanish section of the island, and jjaved the way for national independence. A first attempt to obtain this, made in March, 1843, was unsuccessful, and Duarte was compelled to leave the country. On 27 Feb., 1844, another at- tempt was made, this time a successful one. A commission was sent to Curasao, where Duarte re- sided, to bring him to Santo Domingo, to take part in the provisional government of the new republic, and on 12 June, 1844, he was nominated in Cibao for president by the liberal party, in opposition to Gen. Santana, appointed to the same office in San- to Domingo city by the reactionary party. Duarte was defeated and banished, remained in obscurity for many years, and only appeared in the island after the return of the Dominican republic to Spanish rule in 1861. He took part in the struggle that ended in 1865, in the re-establishment of the republic, went on a mission abroad, and died in Caracas. In 1883 the board of aldermen of Santo Domingo caused a life-size portrait of Duarte to be placed in the municipal hall, and in 1884 his remains were brought to Santo Domingo with ap- propriate public ceremonies.
DUARTE COELHO, Pereira (doo-ar -te-co-
el'-lo), Portuguese nobleman, d. 7 Aug., 1554.
King Joao III., of Portugal, bestowed on Duarte
one of the first hereditary captainships of Brazil.
When he was sailing along the coast of Africa ad-
verse winds compelled him to put in at the island
of Itamaraca, where he fought the French, as-
cended the river Iguarasu, and compelled the
Portiguare Indians to leave their village, which he
made the seat of his government. On 10 April,
1534, the captainship of Pernambuco was added to
his royal donations, and on 24 Oct. his dominion
was extended from San Francisco river to that of
Iguarasu. In 1535 Duarte founded the city of
Olinda, where he removed with his wife and other
colonists. Pie was at first seriously annoyed by the
warlike tribe of Catrete Indians, who declared war
against him, and afterward by revolts of the colo-
nists, who were for the most part criminals and vaga-
bonds, sent to the colony by the Portuguese gov-
ernment ; but he soon put an end to all disturb-
ances. The captainship of Pernambuco throve so
well that in 1549, when the general government
was established in Brazil, taking away the special
privileges of grantees, those of Duarte were ex-
cepted. After conquering and settling more than
50.000 square miles of land, and founding several
towns and cities, Duarte died, leaving his command
to his wife, Brigida de Alburquerque, his direct heir
being absent in Portugal.
DUBBS, Joseph Henry, clergyman, b. in
North Whitehall, Pa., 5 Oct., 1838. He was gradu-
ated at Franklin and Marshall college, Lancaster,
Pa., in 1856, and at Mercersburg theological semi-
nary in 1859. After holding various pastorates in
the German Reformed church, he became in 1875
professor of history and arehseology in Franklin
and Marshall college. He has discovered many
documents relating to the history of the German
churches in Pennsylvania, and published a review
article on " Early German Hymnology in Pennsyl-
vania": and a volume entitled "Historic Manual
of the Reformed Church" (Lancaster, Pa., 1885).
DUBOIS, Charles Edward, artist, b. in Ho-
boken, N. J., 19 Oct., 1847 ; d. in Mentone, Italy, 6
March, 1885. He studied in Paris under Gleyre
and Frangais, and afterward painted in Europe and
the east. At the Paris salon of 1873 he exhibited
" Cottages of the Seeland " and " Village of Au-
vernier " ; to that of 1876 he sent " Mill near Dor-
drecht"; in 1878, "Morning on the Prairie"; to
the Philadelphia exhibition, " Willows at East
Hampton " and " The Palisades of the Hudson " ;
to the Paris exposition of 1878, " Morning in Ven-
ice," " View on the Hudson," and " Autumn " ; to
the exhibition of the Society of American artists
in 1878, " Evening at East Hampton."
DU BOIS, Gualterus, clergyman, b. in Streef-
kerk, Holland, in 1666 ; d. in New York city in
October, 1751. He was the son of Rev. Peter Du
Bois, a clergyman of Amsterdam. He was called
to New York in 1699 as a colleague of Henricus
Selyns, whom he succeeded. The services of the
Reformed church at that time were conducted en-
tirely in the Dutch language. Rev. A. Laidlie
being the first clergyman that preached in English.
Contemporary with Du Bois were Henricus Boel
(1713-'54), Johannes Ritzema (1744-'96), and Lam-
bertius De Ronde (1751-'95). Du Bois was a man
of a quiet and peaceful spirit, prudent, judicious,
and consistent, of high character, and greatly be-
loved. He was so universally respected that he is
said to have been more like a bishop among the
Dutch churches of that day than the pastor of a
single organization. His correspondence with the
classis of Amsterdam is voluminous, and marked
by a spirit of moderation and kindness. He left
a large amount of manuscript, including commen-
taries on different books of the Bible.
DUBOIS, Henry Augustus, physician, b. in
New York city, 9 Aug., 1808 ; d. in New Haven,
Conn., 13 Jan., 1884. He was graduated at Co-
lumbia in 1827, and at the College of physicians
and surgeons in 1830, after which for a time he
was house physician to the New York hospital.
In 1831 he visited Europe, and there pursued stud-
ies under the masters in surgery and medicine.
During his stay in Paris he became a member of the
Polish committee there, holding weekly meetings
at the residence of either Lafayette or J. Fenimore
Cooper. It was his intention to join the Polish
army, but he was finally dissuaded from that pur-
pose. In 1834 he was one of the few Americans
who followed the body of Lafayette to the grave,
and was exposed in the attack made by the " red
republicans " to seize the body. He returned to
New York in November of that year, and entered
on the active practice of his profession, becoming
one of the physicians to the New York dispensary.
In 1835 he married a daughter of Peter A. Jay, of
the New York bar. Imjiaired health soon caused
his removal to Oliio, where he had inherited a
large tract of land, on which he laid out and in a
great measure built up Newton Falls. While re-
siding in the west he withdrew from active prac-
tice, but continued to act in consultation. In 1853
he returned to New York greatly improved in
health, and became president of the Virginia can-
nel coal company, and later of the Peytona cannel
coal company. Two years later he removed to
New Haven, where he has since resided. Dr. Du-
bois is a member of scientific societies. Although
he has published no contributions to medical sci-
ence, he has largely influenced the opinions of his
