He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1852, and went to California in 1852-'61. He participated in the Rouge river expedition in 1856, and commanded the Pitt river expedition in 1857, where he was engaged in several actions, in one of which he was wounded by an arrow. He had risen to a captaincy when, at the beginning of the civil war, he returned to the east and became colonel of the 36th Ohio infantry. He afterward served in the West Virginia campaigns, in command of the 3d provisional brigade, from 1 May till 15 Aug., 1862, and was wounded in the action at Lewisburg. He engaged in the northern Virginia and Maryland campaigns in August and September, 1862, and for his services at Antietam was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. army. He served in Tennessee in 1863, and on 1 July he was transferred to the command of the 2d cavalry division. After various actions, ending in the battle of Chickamauga, he pursued Wheeler's Confederate cavalry from the 1st to the 10th of October, defeated it, and drove it across the Tennessee with great loss. He entered upon the command of the Kanawha district in western Virginia in February, 1864, made constant raids, and was in numerous actions. He took part in Sheridan's Shenandoah campaign in the autumn of that year, and received the brevets of brigadier-general and major-general in the U. S. army, 13 March, 1865. Gen. Crook had command of the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac from 26 March till 9 April, (during which time he was engaged at Dinwiddie Court-House, Jettersville, Sailor's Creek, and Farmville, till the surrender at Appomattox. He was afterward transferred to the command of Wilmington, N. C., where he remained from 1 Sept., 1865, till 15 Jan., 1866, when he was mustered out of the volunteer service. After a six weeks' leave of absence he was assigned to duty on the board appointed to examine rifle tactics, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 23d infantry, U. S. army, on 28 July, 1866, and assigned to the districts of Boisé, Idaho, where he remained until 1872, actively engaged against the Indians. In 1872 Gen. Crook was assigned to the Arizona district, to quell the Indian disturbances. He sent an ultimatum to the chiefs to return to their reservations or “be wiped from the face of the earth.” No attention was paid to his demand, and he attacked them in the Tonto basin, a stronghold deemed impregnable, and enforced submission. In 1875 he was ordered to quell the disturbances in the Sioux and Cheyenne nations in the northwest, and defeated those Indians in the battle of Powder River, Wyoming. In March another battle resulted in the destruction of 125 lodges, and in June the battle of Tongue River was a victory for Crook. A few days later the battle of the Rosebud gave him another, when the maddened savages massed their forces and succeeded in crushing Custer. (See Custer, George Armstrong.) Crook, on receiving re-enforcements, struck a severe blow at Slim Buttes, Dakota, and followed it up with such relentless vigor that by May, 1877, all the hostile tribes in the northwest had yielded. In 1882 he returned to Arizona, forced the Mormons, squatters, miners, and stock-raisers to vacate the Indian lands on which they had seized, encouraged the Apaches in planting, and pledged them the protection of the government. In the spring of 1883 the Chiricahuas intrenched themselves in the fastnesses of the mountains on the northern Mexican boundary, and began a series of raids. Gen. Crook struck the trail, and, instead of following, took it backward, penetrated into and took possession of their strongholds, and, as fast as the warriors returned from their plundering excursions, made them prisoners. He marched over 200 miles, made 400 prisoners, and captured all the horses and plunder. During the two years following, he had sole charge of the Indians, and in that time no depredation occurred. He set them all at work on their farms, abolished the system of trading and paying in goods and store orders indulged in by contractors, paid cash direct to the Indians for all his supplies, and stimulated them to increased exertion. The tribes became self-supporting within three years.
CROOKS, George Richard, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 3 Feb., 1822. He was graduated at Dickinson college in 1840, and in 1841 entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, and became a missionary in Illinois. He was called to Dickinson college in 1842 as classical and mathematical tutor, in 1843 became principal of the Collegiate grammar-school, and in 1846 adjunct professor of Latin and Greek. In 1848, having returned to the ministry, he was stationed successively at Philadelphia, Wilmington, New York, and Brooklyn. In 1860 he became editor of “The Methodist.” In conjunction with Dr. McClintock, he has prepared a series of “First Books” in Latin and Greek (1846-'7); and he supervised an edition of Butler's “Analogy,” for which he furnished an analysis, index, and biography (1852). He also wrote “Life and Letters of Rev. Dr. John McClintock” (1876), and “Sermons of Bishop Simpson” (1885).
CROOKS, James, Canadian merchant, b. in Kilmarnock, Scotland, in 1778; d. in West Flamborough, Ontario, in 1860. He was one of the earliest settlers in Upper Canada, making his home at Niagara in 1794. He established the first papermill, and sent the first load of wheat and flour from Upper Canada to Montreal. During the war of 1812 he served with distinction at Queenstown and other points on the Niagara frontier. He was soon afterward elected to the assembly, and ultimately became a member of the legislative council. —His son, Adam, Canadian statesman, b. in West Flamborough, Ontario. 11 Dec, 1827; d. 28 Dec, 1885, was graduated with honors at King's college, Toronto, in 1850, admitted to the bar in 1851, and distinguished himself as an equity lawyer. He was for eight years vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto (formerly King's college). He contested the representation of the West Riding of Toronto in the Ontario legislative assembly in 1867 as a liberal, and was defeated, but was elected by the same constituency in 1871, and appointed attorney-general in Mr. Blake's cabinet. He became provincial treasurer under Mr. Movvat in 1872, and minister of education in 1876, holding the two portfolios until 1877, when he resigned the treasurer's, but retained that of the minister of
