FONERDEN, John, physician, b. in Balti- more, Md., in 1804 ; d. in New York city, 6 May, 18(59. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Maryland in 1823, was city physi- cian of Baltimore during the cholera epidemic of 1832, co-editor of the Baltimore " Colonization Journal " in 1835, professor of obstetrics in Wash- ington university, Baltimore, in 1845-6, and resi- dent physician of the Maryland hospital for the insane from 1846 till his death. He was distin- guished as a philanthropist, particularly in his treatment of the insane, lie published a " Memoir of Dr. Samuel Baker" in the "Baltimore Athe- niBura " of 2 Jan., 1830, and a " Report " as physi- cian of the hospital for the insane (1860).
FONSECA, Juan Rodriguez (fon-sa'-ka), Span-
ish archbishop, b. in Toro, near Seville, in 1451 ; d.
in Burgos, 4 March, 1524. He was successively
dean of the chapter of the cathedral of Seville, bish-
op of Badajoz. of Cordova, of Palencia, of Burgos,
and archbisho]) of Rosanna. When Christopher
Columbus applied for the second time for aid to
enable him to undertake the discovery of the New
World, Fonseca, then dean of Seville, was con-
sulted by Isabella as to the feasibility of the en-
terprise. He denounced Columbus as a visionary,
violently opposed the consideration of the propo-
sition, and never forgave the discoverer for ob-
taining consent for his scheme. He solicited and
obtained from the queen the control of the equip-
ment of the expedition, and left no stone unturned
to secure its failure. It is well known that Fonse-
ca's efforts nearly succeeded, the crews mutinying
more than once, and demanding a return to Spain.
After the death of Isabella, Fonseca, having been
made privy councillor to King Ferdinand, was
able to vent his hatred on the family of Colum-
bus. In consequence of his resentment he con-
ceived a strong hatred of the Indians of the New
World, and proposed to the council the most san-
guinary measures against them. It being his duty
to select the missionaries for the New World, he
chose bigoted fanatics, and took pains to impress
on them that the Indians were but slightly supe-
rior to animals. He also brought his malevolence
to bear against Hernando Cortes, who finally ap-
pealed to Charles V., and obtained in 1520 the
dissolution of the council of which Fonseca was
president. He was, nevertheless, a member of the
new council, where his animosity to the Indians,
if less prominent, was quite as active as before. A
characteristic saying of Fonseca's was, that " what
the Indians needed was not a baptism with water,
but one in their own blood." Fonseca's acquire-
ments were remarkable for the time in which he
lived, and he was considered during his life as a
man of whose learning Spain might well be proud.
FONSECA, Miiriano Jose Pereira da, Bra-
zilian statesman, b. in Rio Janeiro, 18 May, 1773;
d. there, 16 Sept., 1848. He was graduated at the
royal college of Mafra, Portugal, in 1793, and in
1794 matriculated at the recently founded scientific
academy of Brazil. On 4 Dec. of the following
year the viceroy caused the arrest and indictment
of the principal members of that school for sus-
pected conspiracy, and Fonseca remained in strict
confinement in the island of Das Cobras until re-
leased by a royal order in July, 1797. He then
went into business until 1802, when he was elected
member of the council of agriculture and com-
merce, and censor of the press. He was elected to
the provisional junta in 1821, was appointed min-
ister of the treasury on 13 Nov., 1823, and the
same year became a member of the council of state,
and was one of the authors of the imperial consti-
tution of 25 March, 1824. He was one of the first
founders of the national bank, raised the credit of
the country abroad, organized the custom-houses,
and co-operated in the rearrangement of the mail
service and in the improvement of commerce and
agriculture. He left the cabinet on 23 Nov., 1825,
and on 22 Jan., 1826, was elected to the senate,
where he distinguished himself more as a pro-
found thinker than as an orator. He was created a
viscount, and afterward became marquis of Marica.
His philosophical works include "Las Maximas"
and " Pensamentos."
FONSECA LIMA E SILVA, Manoel da, Brazilian soldier, b. in Rio de Janeiro, 10 July, 1793; d. there in 1862. At a very early age he entered the army, became captain, and took part in the campaign against the revolution of Pernambuco in 1817. In 1823 he organized in Bahia the em-
peror's battalion, with which he made the campaign of independence. For his services he was made lord-chamberlain of the emperor, and promoted lieutenant-colonel. In 1825 he went with his battalion to Montevideo and the Argentine
Republic, where he remained in active service until 1828, when he was promoted brigadier. Soon afterward he took part in the pronunciamento of Campo de Sant Anna, and. after the abdication of Dom Pedro I., adliered to the government and the Liberal party. He was minister of war in 1831 and 1835, and also minister pro tempore of the navy, until November of the following year, when
he was appointed minister of interior, but resigned
in 1837. He organized in 1848 the national guard
of the capital, and in 1851 was appointed com-
mander-in-chief, and promoted general. In 1854
the titles of baron of Suruhy and grandee of the
empire were bestcnved u]>on him.
FONVIELLE, Louis Eugene, knight of, French filibuster, b. in Thouars in 1655 ; d. in Rio de Janeiro, 18 March, 1711. He went to seek fortune with his relative, De Pointis, governor of St. Christophe, in 1674, was given command of a privateer, and soon acquired such a reputation that Pointis, jealous of his popularity, sent him away. He joined the buccaneers in 1677, was elected a chief, equipped a vessel, and made a successful cruise in the West Indies against the Spaniards. On his return to Santo Domingo in 1678 he found the colony in full revolt against the new governor, and used his great popularity with the buccaneers to restore peace. Fonvielle was appointed lieutenant of the royal navy in 1779, but in 1781 resumed his privateering expeditions, and became supreme chief of the buccaneers. Through him the French governor, Ducasse, could always obtain the assistance of the filibusters. When De Pointis's expedition against Cartagena was resolved upon in 1697, Ducasse received orders to join it, and Fonvielle sailed with him, with a strong force of buccaneers. After the capitulation of the city, Fonvielle was left by Ducasse to garrison the outer fort and keep the buccaneers away ; but, when De Pointis tried to defraud them of their part of the booty, they defied his authority, and plundered the city. When Philip V. became king of Spain, Fonvielle served his cause as faithfully as he had fought the Spanish before, and with a force of small ships assisted Ducasse in 1702 to defeat Admiral Benbow, and carry a convoy with the new viceroy into Cartagena. In 1710 Fonvielle, with 250 filibusters, joined the expedition of Duclerc against Rio Janeiro, and on 19 Sept. entered the city with the French troops ; but in the principal square they were surprised by a cross-fire from fortified buildinss, and retired to the custom-
