ton, S. C., in 1813, after completing his education, went to South Carolina, where he was elected sec- retary of state. About 1795 he became part pro- prietor of the Charleston " Gazette," which journal he edited with singular ability and fairness till 1810, when he sold out his interest. He then leased a saw-mill and cottage at Pinckney's Ferry, and died of malaria contracted there.
FREY, Joseph Samuel Christian Frederick,
clergyman, b. in Mayn-Stockheim, Franconia, (Ger-
many, in 177B ; d. in Pontiac, Mich., 5 June, ly.jO.
His father, Samuel Levi, was a Jewish teacher, and
expounder of rabbinical law. His mother supported
the family by keeping a small shop. At six years
of age he read the five books of Moses in the origi-
nal, and was daily instructed by a private tutor in
the Jewish la wand Talmud, every opportunity being
used to inspire him with a hatred of Christianity.
At the age of nine the study of Mischna and Ge-
niara, digests of Jewish traditions, were added to
his theological text-books. On attaining early
manhood he removed to Hesse and taught Hebrew
children, as private tutor. At twenty-one he be-
came a leader in the synagogue, read the prayers
and law, and spent a whole year in learning the
Jewish method of killing fowls, or beasts. About
this period, while journeying from Hamburg to
Schwerin, in the hope of obtaining at the latter
town a more lucrative office, he met a Christian,
who suggested to him novel ideas regarding the
Messiah. He was impressed with the doctrines of
the new religion, and, after three or four years of
mental struggle, adopted them as his own. In
May, 1798, he was baptized and received into the
Protestant communion. In 1799 he entered the
theological seminary established in Saxony by
Baron von Schiernding for the education of mis-
sionaries, studied there for one year, and then went
to London, with the intention of going to Africa
as a missionary. He afterward changed his pur-
pose and decided to remain in England and be-
come an evangelist to his own people, flis family,
on learning his apostasy, enacted all the cere-
monies which would have been performed at his
death. For the next seven years he labored in
connection with the London missionary society,
travelling through the United Kingdom, preach-
ing to whatever Jewish congregations he could
muster, suffering much obloquy and privation and
meeting with little encouragement. In 1816 he re-
moved with his family to New York, established the
Mulberry street Congregationalist church, and was
ordained its pastor in 1818. In 1820 he founded
the American society for meliorating the condition
of the Jews. The object of this association was to
establish an asylum for Christian Hebrews from
all parts of the world. The enterprise proved a
failure, and occupied several years of fruitless labor.
In 1827, Mr. Frey, convinced of the necessity of
immersion, left the Congregationalist church and
became a Baptist. He held several small charges
as a member of that denomination, and in 1887
resigned his pastorate to go to Europe as an agent
for the American society for the conversion of the
Jews. He remained abroad three years, but the
mission was not favorably received. He returned
to New York, lectured weekly in the South Baptist
church to such Jews as he could induce to form
his congregation, went on missionary journeys
through the southern and southwestern states, and
finally settled in Pontiac, Mich., where he taught
Hebrew in the preparatory department of the State
university. His published works are " Narrative of
my Life" (New York, 1809) ; " Hebrew Bible " (1811);
"Hebi'ew Grammar" (1813-28); " Judah and Is-
rael " (1837) ; " Lectures of Scripture Types " (1841) ;
and "Report of the Agency in Europe " (1842).
FREZIER, Amédée François (fray-zee-ay),
French militarv engineer, b. in Chambery, France,
in 1682 ; d. in" Brest, 26 Oct., 1778. He was the
son of a Scotch refugee who had fled to Savoy.
Amedee was educated in Paris, and served as lieu-
tenant of infantry from 1702 till 1707, when he en-
tered the engineer corps. In 1712 the government
sent him to examine the condition of the Spanish
colonies in America. After visiting the principal
points in Peru, Chili, and Brazil, he returned to
Marseilles on 17 Aug. He pointed out several mis-
takes in the " Relation " of Father Feuillee, and this
led to a bitter controversy between the two travel-
lers. Frezier introduced the large Chili strawberry
into France. In 1719 he was stationed at Santo Do-
mingo as engineer-in-chief, and made a map of the
island, to which he added a plan of the city of San-
to Domingo. On his return, in 1728, he received the
cross of St. Louis. He was appointed director of
the fortifications of Brittany in 1789, and engaged
in this work until 1764, when he was retired as a
lieutenant-colonel. In 1752 he was elected a
member of the French academy. He published
many scientific papers, and several works, including
" Relation du voyage de la Mer du Sud, aux cotes
du Chili, et du Perou, fait pendent les annees, 1712,
1713, et 1714 " (Paris, 1714 ; 2d ed., enlarged, 1732 ;
Dutch translation, Amsterdam, 1718 ; German
translation, Hamburg, 1718; English translation,
with a supplement by Edmund Halley, London,
1718). His "Réponse au P. Feuillee " was added
to the Paris edition of 1882. He also published a
" Lettre concernant I'histoire des trembiements de
terre de Lima " (1755).
FRIAS, Felix (free'-as), Argentine publicist, b.
in Buenos Ayres in 1820; d. in Paris in 1881.
Early in life he became an opponent of the dicta-
tor Rosas, and in 1888 was obliged to seek refuge in
Montevideo. There he became acquainted with
Gen. Laval le. and accompanied him in 1839, as
secretary, on his invasion of the Argentine Repub-
lic. When Lavalle was assassinated on 9 Oct.,
young Frias rescued his remains and carried
them to Bolivia at great risk. He then engaged
in literature in Chili, continued his opposition
to Rosas, and after the overthrow of the dictator in
the battle of Monte Caseros, 3 Feb., 1852, returned
to his native country, where he became editor-in-
chief of " El Orden." He was afterward minis-
ter to Chili, during the protracted discussion of
the boundary question between the two countries,
served several times as deputy to the National
congress, and once as its president. Frias dreamed
of an intimate alliance between the church and
liberty, and his opinions savored of asceticism.
During the serious conflicts at Buenos Ayres,
caused by the presidential elections of 1880, he
made sti'cnuous exeiiions to avert civil war, and
after the attainment of his object retired to Eu-
rope to recruit his health. Among his historical
works a^e " La gloria del Tirano Rosas."
FRIAS, Francisco, Count of Pozos Duices, Cuban author, b. in Havana m September, 1809; d. in Paris in 1877. He was sent to Baltimore, Md., to be educated, and in 1829 he returned to Cuba and pursued agricultural studies. In 1842 he went to Paris and remained there several years, devoting his time to mechanics, physics, and chemistry. In
1848 he returned to Cuba, and in the next year the Havana lyceum awarded him a first prize for his "Memoria sobre la Industria Pecuaria." The governor of Havana imprisoned him for six months in Morro Castle in 1858, on account of his anti-slavery
