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arts, and in a comparatively short period had be- come a skilful architect, carpenter, sculptor, and painter. Several churches of the missions were adorned with pictures by his hand. He passed forty-two years among the tribes that he had con- verted. His great map of the Amazon was en- graved on a small scale at Quito in 1707, and ap- peared for the first time in France in vol. xii. of the "Lettres edifiantes " (1st ed., 1717). It is also found in vol. viii. of the seconcl edition, with an abridgment of his " Memoirs " on the river whose course he traces.

FROBISHER, Sir Martin, English navigator, b. in Altofts, Yorkshire, England, about 1536 ; d. in Plymouth, England, 7 Nov., 1594. He was bred to the sea. In search of a northwest passage to India, and under the patronage of the Earl of War- wick and other no- blemen, he sailed with a fleet of three vessels from the port of Deptford in 1576. After ex- l)loring different parts of the Arctic coast, and enter- ing the strait that bears his name, he returned to Eng- land, carrying with him some black ore which is said to have contained gold. In

I consequence of this

discovery, he was encouraged to make two more voyages, which proved fruitless. In 1585 he accompanied Drake to the West Indies. On board the "Triumph" he took part in the destruction of the Spanish armada in 1588, and was honored with knighthood for his bravery. In 1594 he lent a helping hand to Henry IV. of France against the Leaguers and Philip II. of Spain, and while attacking a fort near Brest received a mortal wound.

FRŒBEL, Julius, author, b. in Griesheim, Germany, in 1806; d. in Zurich, Switzerland, 7 Nov., 1893. He was a nephew of the founder of the kindergarten system, Friedrich Frœbel. Julius was educated at the universities of Jena, Munich, and Berlin, and in 1833 became a naturalized citizen of Switzerland. He joined the extreme radical party, edited the “Swiss Republican,” and issued several scientific works and political pamphlets, many of which were suppressed in Germany. In 1848 he was elected a member of the German parliament that met at Frankfort, and afterward accompanied the radical Robert Blum to Vienna, where he was arrested and condemned to death by the court-martial that convicted Blum, but was pardoned before the date fixed for the execution. On the dissolution of the parliament he visited the United States, where he became editor of a German newspaper, lectured in New York city, and in 1850 went to Nicaragua, Santa Fé, and Chihuahua as correspondent of the New York “Tribune.” He returned to Germany in 1857, and efforts were made to expel him from Frankfort, but he was protected on the ground of his naturalization as a citizen of the United States. In 1863 he went to Vienna, and became a Federalist leader. In 1873 he was appointed consul of the German empire at Smyrna, Asia Minor, and in 1876 was transferred to Algiers. His works include “System of Social Politics” (London, 1847); “The Republican,” an historical drama (1848); “Seven Years' Travel in Central America, Northern Mexico, and the Far West of the United States” (1859); “Theory of Politics” (1861); and “Political Addresses” (1870).

FROELIGH, Solomon, clergyman, b. at Red Hook, Dutchess co., N. Y., 29 May, 1750; d. in New Jersey, 8 Oct., 1827. He was early impressed with the religious teaching of the pastor of the Dutch Reformed church that he attended, and induced his father, who was a farmer, to give him an edu- cation that he might fit himself to be a clergyman. His patriotism was ardent, and during the Revolu- tion, when the British occupied Long Island in 1775, he narrowly escaped with his life. He re- ceived his education under Dirck Romeyn and Johannes II. Goetschius, and was licensed to preach by the general meeting of ministers and elders in 1774. In 1786 he settled in Plackensack, N. J., and attempted to bring together the conser- vative and independent branches of the church there, but the members were divided by the po- litical controversies arising from the Revolution, and his efforts were fruitless. For a time he suc- ceeded in uniting the two congregations, but dis- sensions soon broke out afresh in their midst, the church was struck by lightning, and the stone over the entrance on which were inscribed the words " Union makes Strength " was broken in two. So great an effect did this occurrence have on the superstitious congregation that the churches disunited, and not even the efforts of the synod could bring them together. From 1795 till 1800 Mr. Froeligh passed his life in ecclesiastical dis- cussion, and in 1822, with that portion of the church that favored independent American organi- zation, effected a schism under the name of the " True Reformed Dutch Church." Dr. Froeligh was arraigned before his synod, and was suspended in 1822 for secession and contempt of ecclesiastical authority. He printed various sermons, most of them in the " Banner of Truth," including " Ser- mon on Occasion of the Lightning rending the Church Steeple " (1795), and published " The Trial of Universal Charity by a Jury" (New York, 1824), and " Reasons assigned by a Number of Ministers, Elders, and Deacons for declaring themselves the True Reformed Dutch Church in the United States" (Hackensack, 1822).

FEOMENTIN, Eligius, jurist, b. in France ; d. in New Orleans, La., 6 Oct., 1822. He was a Roman Catholic priest and a member of the Jesuit order, but, after removing to the United States, married and settled in New Orleans. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised there. Mr. Fromentin was elected to the U. S. senate, and served from 1813 till 1819. He was appointed judge of the criminal court in New Orleans in 1821, and presided over the same court in the west- ern district of Florida in January, 1822, while Jackson was governor, for a short time only, after- ward resuming the practice of law in New Orleans. His wife died of yellow fever in October, 1822, and he followed her within twenty-four hours. He published " Observations on a Bill respecting Land- Titles in Orleans and Dominique."

FRONTENAC, Louis de Buade, Comte de, governor of New France, b. in France in 1620; d. in Quebec, 28 Nov., 1698. His father held a high post in the household of Louis XIII., who became the child's godfather. At fifteen, young Louis, who had shown an uncontrollable passion for military life, was sent to serve in Holland, under the Prince of Orange. He distinguished himself in various battles and sieges, and at twenty-three was made colonel of the regiment of Normandy. Three years