at Odelltown, 10 Nov., 1838, and succeeded in reaching the United States afterward. The privations that he had endured caused consumption, which ultimately ended his life.
GAILLARD, Edwin Samuel, physician, b. in
Charleston district, S. C, 16 Jan., 1827; d. in
Louisville, Ky., 1 Feb., 1885. He was graduated
at the University of South Carolina in 1845, and
at the medical college of the same state in 1854.
He removed to Florida during the latter year, and
practised there until 1857, when he took up his
residence in New York city, and later visited Eu-
rope. On his return, he again settled in New York
city, and in 18G0 received the " Fiske" fund prize
for an essay on ozone. In the spring of 1861 he
removed to Baltimore, and afterward joined the
Confederate array, in which he filled various pro-
fessional offices until the close of the war. In
May, 1865, he began to practise in Richmond, Va.,
and the following year established the " Rich-
mond Medical Journal," which he removed to
Louisville in 1868, and published there under the
title of the " Richmond and Louisville Medical
Journal." In July, 1874, he also established the
"American Medical Weekly." In June, 1867, he
was made professor of general pathology and
pathological anatomy in the Medical college of
Virginia, and in May. 1868, he was elected to the
same chair in the Kentucky school of medicine at
Louisville. The following year he was appointed
professor of the principles and practice of medi-
cine, and general pathology, in the Louisville medi-
cal college, of which he was the first dean. Hav-
ing lost his right hand at the battle of Seven
Pines, in May, 1862, Dr. Gaillard performed his
professional and literary work under the greatest
difficulties. He was a member of many medical
societies, and received a prize for an essay on diph-
theria. In 1878 the University of North Carolina
conferred on him the degrees of M. A. and LL. D.
GAILLARD, John, senator, b. in St. Stephen's
district, S. C, 5 Sept., 1765 ; d. in Washington, D.
C, 26 Feb., 1826. He was of Huguenot descent.
He was elected to the U. S. senate in place of Pierce
Butler, resigned, and served from 31 Jan., 1805,
until his death. He voted for the war of 1812, and
was chosen, on account of the' death of two vice-
presidents, Clinton and Gerry, during his term, to
preside over the senate pro tempore in every con-
gress from the 11th to the 18th, inclusive. He
thus filled the president's chair for fourteen years.
Thomas H. Benton, in his " Thirty Years' View,"
says : " Urbane in his manners, amiable in tem-
per, scrupulously impartial, uniting absolute firm-
ness of purpose with the greatest gentleness of
manners— such were the qualifications which com-
mended him to the presidency of the senate.
There was probably not an instance of disorder
or a disagreeable scene in the chamber during his
long-continued presidency. He classed democratic-
ally, but was as much the favorite of one side of
the house as of the other, and that in the high
party times of the war with Great Britain, which
so much exasperated party spirit."
GAILLARD, Peter Cordes, physician, b. in
Charleston, S. C. 20 Aug., 1815 ; d. there, 14 Jan.,
1859. His mother, Rebecca Foster, was the
daughter of Mrs. Bi'ewton, who was noted for her
patriotism during the Revolution. Dr. Gaillard
was graduated at the College of South Carolina,
Columbia, in 1834, and at the medical college of
the same name in Charleston in 1837, after visit-
ing Paris in the interval. He subsequently re-
turned to the latter city, where he studied his pro-
fession for several years. He then settled in
Charleston and spent his life there. Pie succeeded
Dr. S. H. Dickson in 1858 as professor of medicine
in South Carolina medical college, and was also
assistant editor of the " Charleston Medical Jour-
nal," and president of the South Carolina medical
society. He made a specialty of hygiene and sani-
tary science, and believed that yellow fever is im-
ported and, to a certain extent, contagious.
GAILLARDET, Theodore Frederic, journalist, b. in Auxerre, France, 7 April, 1808 ; d. in Plessis-
Bouchard, France, 13 Aug., 1882. He began his
literary career as a story-writer toward the end of
the Restoration. He then turned his attention to
the stage, and the drama " La tour de Nesle,"
written jointly by M. Gaillardet and Alexander
Dumas, the elder, in 1832, involved the former in
a lawsuit with that author in the same year. He
subsequently emigrated to the United States, and
becaipe the proprietor and editor of the " Courrier
des Etats-Unis," published in New York. After
revisiting France in 1848 in an unsuccessful at-
tempt to obtain a seat in the constituent assembly,
he returned to New York, but subsequently dis-
posed of his interest in the " Courrier." He spoke
for Horace Greeley in the presidential canvass of
1872, and in 1880 returned to France. M. Gaillardet
was decorated with the red ribbon of the legion of
honor in 1843. Besides writing portions of " La
tour de Nesle," he wrote " Struensee, on le mede-
cin de la reine " (1832), a drama in five acts ; and
"Georges, ou le criminel par amour," a drama in
three acts (1833). Besides his dramatic produc-
tions, he wrote the " Memoires du Chevalier d'Eon,"
drawn from family archives ; " Profession de foi
et considerations sur le systeme republicain des
fitats-Unis," presented to the electors of the
Yonne (1848) ; a series of articles and letters,
principally on Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas,
appearing" in the Paris " Debats " (1839) ; and an-
other series, published in the " Constitutionnel "
and " La Presse " (1856-'60).
GAINE, Hugh, printer, b. in Ireland in 1726 ;
d. in New York city, 25 April, 1807. He began
business as a printer and bookseller in New York
city in 1750, and in 1752 established the " Mer-
cury," a weekly publication. Gaine was composi-
tor, pressman, folder, and distributer of his paper,
which had a cii'culation of from three to four hun-
dred copies. He began to edit this journal in the
interest of the Whig party, and when the British
troops neared New York city, retreated with his
press to Newark, N. J. He soon returned, how-
ever, and thereafter devoted his " Mercury " to the
interest of the royal cause, choosing for his sign
the -'Bible and Crown." At the termination of
the Revolutionary war Gaine's petition to remain
in New York was" granted ; but he was compelled
to relinquish the publication of his sheet, and con-
fine himself to the printing and bookselling busi-
ness. After a career of forty years he retired with
a handsome estate. Although Hugh Gaine and
his " Mercury " are frequently alluded to by his-
torians, his career was, of itself, an uneventful one.
He led an exemplary life, and was a man of active
business habits ; but he seems to have been almost
without conscientious convictions.
GAINES, Edmund Pendleton, soldier, b. in Culpeper county, Va., 20 March, 1777 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 6 June, 1849. James Gaines, his father, commanded a company in the Revolutionary war, was a member of the North Carolina legislature, and took part in the convention that ratified the Federal constitution. Edmund early showed a
preference for a military life. Having joined the U. S. army, he was appointed 2d lieutenant of the
