Maypu, 5 April, 1818, and in December, 1825. took part in Freire's second expedition against Chiloe, for which he was promoted captain. In 1827 he assisted in the campaign against the Indians of Mariluan, and in 1828 against the bandit Pincheira, and was afterward appointed military commander of Constitucion. He participated in the first and second expeditions against Peru, and for his gal- lantry was promoted colonel, and obtained two gold medals. In 1851, although retired from ser- vice, he took command of the troops against the revolutionists. In 1854 he was promoted general of brigade, and in 1857 appointed secretary of war and the navy, which place he held till 1862. In that year he was promoted to general of division, and then retired to private life, but for one term was a deputy to the national congress.
GARCIA, Manuel de Populo Vicente, vocalist, b. in Seville, Spain. 22 Jan., 1775; d. in
Paris, 2 June, 1832. He began his musical course
at the age of six as a chorister in the cathedral of his
native city. Before attaining manhood he had be-
come known throughout Spain as a tenor and a
composer of church music and comic operas. In
1808 he appeared in Paris for the first time in Ital-
ian opera, and for many years continued a favor-
ite in most European capitals. Garcia's career is
memorable for his experimental introduction of
the earliest Italian opera-company in the United
States. It was in 1825, when they sang in the
New York Park theatre. This served to present
before the American public his daughter, Maria
Felicia, afterward Madame Malibran. Garcia's
troupe continued in this country nearly two years,
singing occasionally in concert and oratorio. The
company then departed for Mexico, where they re-
mained about a year, and on their way homeward,
between the capital and Vera Cruz, were robbed
by a party of brigands of all their money and valu-
ables. Garcia soon again found himself in the
Italian opera-company in Paris. The quality of
his voice was not remarkable, and, as it had become
worn and newer favorites attracted the public, he
determined to establish a school for instruction in
vocal music. In this he was pre-eminently suc-
cessful. Garcia wrote, in all, forty-three operas,
furnishing the words to most of them. His daugh-
ters, Maria and Paulina, became celebrated singers.
GARCIA-CALDERON, Francisco, Peruvian
statesman, b. in Arequipa. 18 April, 1829. In 1842
he entered the college of the Independencia in his
native city, where he was graduated in law, and
was appointed professor of philosophy and mathe-
matics in 1849. In 1850 he obtained the degree of
LL. D., and in 1852 was admitted to the bar of the
superior court of Arequipa. being appointed in 1854
professor of jurisprudence of the university. He
was elected deputy to congress and president of
the chamber in 18G7, and in 1868 was secretary of
the treasury. After the occupation of Lima by the
Chilians, 16 Jan., 1881, the conquerors refused to
treat for peace with Pierola, and the citizens started
a movem'ent for the election of a provisional gov-
ernment. The Chilian governor favored the idea,
and Garcia-Calderon was elected. He called to-
gether the old congress, which had been elected
before the war, but only a few representatives an-
swered his summons. The congress refused to au-
thorize the president to consent to any permanent
cession of Peruvian territory, and was dissolved by
an order of Admiral Lynch on 23 Aug. Mean-
while Garcia was buoyed up with the hope of an
intervention by the United States, and was ar-
rested by order of the Chilian governor, on 6 Nov.,
on the pretext that he had solicited foreign inter-
vention. A few days afterward they were trans-
ported to Chili, and kept prisoners on parole in
Santiago till the end of the year, when Garcia re-
turned to Lima. On the instalment of Yglesias's
government in 1884, Garcia was elected to the sen-
ate and appointed president of that body, which
position he still holds (1887). He is a correspond-
ing member of the Spanish academy, member of
many South American literary and scientific socie-
ties, has contributed largely to current literature,
and has published a •' iJiceionario de la Legisla-
cion Peruana" (18.59-'62).
GARCIA-CONDE, Pedro, Mexican soldier, b.
in Arispe, 8 Feb., 1806 ; d. there, 19 Dec, 1851.
His father was Spanish military governor of the
northwest inland provinces. He became a cadet
in the regiment of Cerro-Gordo in Durango in 1817.
He was promoted until he held the rank of captain,
when independence was declared, 27 Sept., 1821.
In 1835 he took part in the campaign against
Texas, and after the defeat and capture of Santa
Anna, 21 April, 1836, was appointed inspector-
general of militia. On 30 June, 1838, he was
promoted colonel and appointed director of the
military college, which post he held till 1844, in-
troducing many reforms. On 23 Oct., 1841, he ob-
tained the full rank of general. In 1844 he was
elected to congress for the state of Sonora, but took
part in tiie revolution of 6 Dec. against Santa
Anna, and, being appointed by Gen. Ilerrera secre-
tary of war, resigned the direction of the military
college. As secretary he began the reorganization
of the army, but, before he could conclude it, a new
revolution, headed by Gen. Paredes, in 1846, over-
threw the government. While Garcia was in ban-
ishment in Chihuahua, the war with the United
States began. He ofi'ered his services to the govern-
ment, was appointed commander of the cavalry on
the northwestern frontier, and as such assisted in
the battle of Sacramento. He was elected senator
in 1847, and joined congress in November in
Queretaro, where it was in session during the oc-
cupation of tlie capital by the American forces.
After the treaty of peace, Garcia became president
of the commission to fix the new boundary between
Mexico and the United States. His death was
probably hastened by the privations that he en-
dured while fulfilling tliis duty.
GARCIA-CUBAS, Antonio, Mexican scientist ;
b. in Mexico in 1832. He studied in the College
of San Ildefonso, and in the Academy of mines,
was commissioned by the government to do impor-
tant geodetical work and explored the ruins of
Mitlatoyuca, in the northern part of the state of
Yera Cruz. He was ordered to make a design of
these ruins and plan a road to be built from Tu-
lancingo to Mitlatoyuca. He is a member of sev-
eral scientific societies in America and Europe,
and has contributed many papers on archaeology.
He has published " Cuadro Geografico, Estadis-
tico, Descriptivo e Historico de los Estados Unidos
Mejicanos" (Mexico, 1857; with Spanish, English,
and French text, 1885); " Mapa General de Mexi-
co " (1863) ; "Atlas Pintoresco " (1885) ; and many
other works of topographical drawing ; archaeology,
history, and geographv.
GARCIA DE QUEVEDO, Jose Heriberto, South American author, b. in Coro, Yenezuela, in March, 1819 ; d. in Paris in June, 1871. In 1825 his parents removed to Porto Rico, where he received his primary education. Later he continued
his studies in France and Spain. In 1861 he removed to Paris, and, on his return from a journey during the siege by the troops of the Versailles government in 1871, he insisted, against the
