za attacked the government violently, and openly favored the reactionary party under Miramon. When the liberal party triumphed, Garza, together with other bishops, was banished by decree of 17 Jan., 1860, and fixed his residence in Havana. In 1861 he was called to Rome by Pope Pius IX., but died on his way thither.
GASCA, Pedro de la, Spanish bishop, b. in Pla-
sencia, Spain, in June, 1485 ; d. in Siguenza, 13 Nov.,
1567. He studied at the University of Alcala, and
after leaving college became noted for his knowl-
edge of men and affairs and for an adroit, subtle in-
tellect. In 1542 he was employed by Charles V. in
negotiations with the pope and with Henry VIII.,
requiring great diplomatic skill. When Gonzalo
Pizarro, brother of the conqueror, attempted to
have himself crowned king of Peru, the emperor,
who after a ruinous war was unable to send an
army against the rebel leader, commissioned Gasca
to restore peace, naming him president of the
royal audience of Lima with unlimited powers
to" punish and pardon. The latter embarked in
May, 1546, without troops or money, and accom-
panied only by two Dominican priests and a few
servants. He landed at Panama, where Pizarro's
fleet was stationed, and represented himself as a
messenger of peace, charged solely with the task
of re-establishing justice and granting a general
anniesty. At the same time he insinuated that a
fleet of 40 sail, having 15,000 men on board, was to
leave the harbor of Seville in June, which would
quickly restore peace in Peru, if he did not obtain
that result by moderation and justice. Ilis adroit-
ness and eloquence, combined with his age and the
simplicity of his manners, gained him the affection
of the officers, whom he detached from Pizarro, and
he was soon master of the whole fleet. Gonzalo
still refused to submit, and fled secretly to Cuzco,
where he had left the flower of his troops, while
Gasca, followed by nearly the whole fleet of Gon-
zalo, landed at Tumbez in 1547. Here he is-
sued a proclamation announcing the mission with
which he was charged by the emperor, and invit-
ing all good citizens to unite their efforts with his,
in order to restore tranquillity. By another proc-
lamation he granted a general amnesty to all de-
serters, and promised rewards to those who would
arm in defence of the royal cause. By these pru-
dent arrangements he saw himself soon at the head
of a respectable army, which he exercised himself,
and with which he marched to Cuzco in December.
Pizarro with a strong force encamped in the val-
ley of Xaguidaguana, to bar his passage. But
Gasca, instead of risking a battle, tampered with
the principal officers of Pizarro, and won them
over by promises and threats. The two armies met
in the valley of Sacsahuana. 9 April, 1548, when
most of the officers and soldiers of the rebel leader
deserted his banner and made their submission to
the president, who remained master of the field
without having struck a blow. After punish-
ing Pizarro and the foinentors of the revolt with
death, Gasca proved himself as good an adminis-
trator as he was an able politician. He removed
the crowd of adventurers that filled Peru from the
country, distributed rewards to the royalists, and
pardoned the least guilty among the rebels. He
regulated the administration of justice and the col-
lection of the public revenues, while at the same
time he issued several regulations forbidding op-
pression of the Indians. He then surrendered all
his powers to the roval audience, and returned to
Spain in 1549. On his arrival he was made bishop
of Plasencia by Charles V., and in 1561 promoted
by Philip II. to the bishopric of Sigiienza.
GASPAR XIU, Antonio (gas-par'), Maya Indian author (his original name was Chi Xiu), b. in
Yucatan about 1541 ; d. there in the beginning of
the 17th century. He was son of the famous priest
Kin-Chi, the grandson of Tutul Xiii, an Indian
king, who was an ally of the Spaniards, and was
educated by the missionaries accompanying an
expedition against the hostile Cacomes, under
the name of Antonio Gaspar. Young Gaspar
Xiu soon learned to speak and write Spanish
and Latin, and was very useful to the conquerors
as interpreter. He was appointed public trans-
lator by royal order, and did much to cultivate
knowledge among his native people. In his old
age he suffered from poverty and neglect, and by
a royal decree of 6 Sept., 1599, was granted a pen-
sion in consideration of the services he had ren-
dered to the Spaniards. He wrote "Vocabulario
de la lengua Maya," which has been lost, and proba-
bly no copy exists now. It is cited by Pimentel in
his " Cuadro descriptivo y comparativo de las len-
guas indigenas de Mexico," and by many others.
He also published a " Relacion Historica sobre las
Costumbres de los Indios " (1582).
GASPE, Philip Aubert de, Canadian author,
b. in Quebec, 30 Oct., 1786; d. there, 29 Jan., 1871.
He was educated in the seminary of Quebec, studied
law, and, after practising his profession for some
years, became sheriff. But he neglected his duties,
and his generosity to friends involved him in diffi-
culties. Those for whom he had sacrificed himself
abandoned him in adversity, and he was imprisoned
four years for debt. On his release he retired to
his domain of Saint-Jean Port-Joli. His " Anciens
Canadiens" (1862) was, perhaps, the most popular
book ever published in Canada. An English trans-
lation, by Mrs. Pennie, was published in England.
This and his " Memoires " (1866) deal with the tra-
ditions and folk-lore of Canada.
GASPE, Philip Ignatius, soldier, b. in Canada,
5 April, 1714; d. there, 19 June, 1787. He entered
the army in 1727, and in 1735 served under De
Noyelle "m the campaign against the Foxes. He
followed the Baron de Longueil in 1789 in his
expedition against the Natchez and Chicachas on
the banks of the Mississippi, and on his return
stopped at Michilimackinac, where De Vercheres
commanded. He remained there three years, mak-
ing frequent raids on the English colony. He
suggested to Col. Villiers the possibility of captur-
ing Grand-Pre. In 1750 he built a fort on the
river St. John, which he commanded for more
than two years. He was present at the attack on
Port Necessity, where Washington was defeated,
commanded the Canadian militia at the defence of
Fort Carillon, in which 3,058 Frenchmen were en-
gaged with about 15,000 English and provincials,
and contributed largely to the success of the French
in this battle. After the capture of Quebec by the
English in 1760 he commanded the grenadiers un-
derLevis. He received the cross of St. Louis in
March, 1761, and the rest of his life was passed on
his estate of St. Jean Port-Joli.
GASTINE, Civique, West Indian reformer, b. in Fort de France, Martinique, in 1793 ; d. in Port au Prince, Hayti, 12 June, 1822. He was of a wealthy family, and from early childhood was impressed by his mulatto nurse with sympathy for the colored race. In 1803 he was sent to New Orleans
to receive his education, and in 1809 came to Philadelphia to study law. A pamphlet, which he published there regarding the emancipation of the negroes, gave rise to some attacks on him, and when in 1813 he spoke at a public meeting in favor of equality between blacks and whites, he was in dan-
