Maine in 1854. and afterward as a representative to congress, serving from 1861 till 18G8, when he was appointed chief justice of Arizona territory. He became the governor of Arizona territory in Au- gust, 1868, and held the office two years, after which he represented the territory as a delegate in congress, serving from 1865 till 1867.
GOODWIN, Nathaniel, genealogist, b. in Hart-
ford, Conn., 5 March, 1782 ; d. there, 29 May, 1855.
He was apprenticed to a printer in Albany, and
afterward became a teacher and land-surveyor. At
Hartford he was many years treasurer and judge of
pi-oljate, and was often employed in the settlement
of estates. He published " Descendants of Thomas
Olcott" (1845), and "The Foote Family" (1849).
After his deatli appeared his •' Genealogical Notes
of Some of the First Settlers of Connecticut and
Massachusetts," with a memoir (1856).
GOODWIN, William Frederick, author, b.
in Ijimington, Me., 27 Sept., 1823 ; d. in Concord,
N. H., 12 March, 1872. He was graduated at Bow-
doin in 1848, and taught in a high-school in Con-
cord, N. H.. and in New Bedford, Mass.. from 1851
till 1853. He was then graduated at the Harvard
law-school in 1854, and began practice in Concord in
1855. He was appointed 1st lieutenant of tlie 16th
regular infantry in May, 1861, and after acting as
mustering officer in New Hampshire, joined his
regiment in March, 1863, and was engaged at the
actions of Hoover's Gap and Chickamauga, where
he was wounded. He was brevetted captain for
gallant conduct in that battle, and was retired in
1865, from incapacity resulting from his wound,
after receiving his promotion to a captaincy in
1864. After his retirement he was disbursing offi-
cer in Rhode Island in 1865, and was afterward on
duty in Oliio and in the Department of the Poto-
mac. Capt. Goodwin gave much time to antiqua-
rian and historical researches, and was a frequent
contributor to the " Historical Magazine." He was
tlie author of a " History of the Constitution of
New Hampshire of 1776, 1784, 1792" ; "Records
of Narragansett Township, No. 1 " (printed private-
ly, 1871); and at his death had in preparation
" Narragansett, No. 2," now portions of adjoining
towns, which, together with the last-named work,
was to constitute a " History of Buxton, Me., 1733-
1811." He was also engaged on a " Biography of
Gen. Alexander Scaramel," and left various manu-
scripts, which have not been published.
GOODWIN, William Watson, scholar, b. in
Concord, Mass., 9 May, 1831. He was graduated
at Harvard in 1851, studied at Bonn, Berlin, and
Göttingen, and was tutor at Harvard from 1856 till
1860, after which he became Eliot professor of
Greek literature, and still (1887) holds that chair.
He was first director of the American school of
classical studies at Athens, Greece, in 1882-'3. and
was president of the American philological association
from 1872 till 1885. Prof. Goodwin is also a
member of the Imperial archaeological institute of
Germany, of the American academy of arts and
sciences, and of the Massachusetts historical
society, and is a knight of the Greek order of the
Saviour. He received the degree of Ph. D. from
the University of Göttingen in 1855, and that of
LL. D. from Amherst, and from the University of
Cambridge, England, in 1883. He has been an
extensive contributor to literary and philological
journals, and to the transactions of various learned
societies in the United States and England. He
has published and edited various reports, including
“Report on the American School of Classical
Studies in Athens” (Boston, 1883), and “Papers
of the American School of Classical Studies at
Athens, Vol. 1st, edited by William W. Goodwin
and Thomas W. Ludlow” (1885). His works
include “Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the
Greek Verb” (Cambridge, 1869; revised ed., 1865;
London, 1873); “Elementary Greek Grammar”
(Boston, 1870; enlarged ed., Boston and London,
1879); a “Greek Reader,” with Joseph H. Allen
(Boston, 1871; 2d ed., edited by William W. Goodwin,
with alterations, 1877); and an edition of
Xenophon's “Anabasis,” Books I.-IV., with John
W. White (Boston and London, 1877).
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GOODYEAR, Charles, inventor, b. in New Haven, Conn., 29 Dec., 1800; d. in New York city, 1 July, 1860. He was the son of Amasa Goodyear, who was the first to make hay-forks of spring-steel instead of wrought-iron. The son's education was acquired in the New Haven public schools, and on coming of age he became a member of the firm of A. Goodyear & Sons in Philadelphia. The business proved profitable until 1830, when the failure of southern houses compelled the firm to suspend. Meanwhile the development of the India-rubber industry had begun, large quantities of the crude gum were imported into the United States, companies for its manufacture into shoes were organized, and indeed there was an India-rubber mania in the years 1830-'6 similar to the subsequent gold-fever and petroleum craze. The products of these com- panies, however, were unsatisfactory. It was very simple to make shoes in winter, but the heat of the summer soon softened and destroyed them. In 1834 Goodyear first turned his attention to this substance, and from then until his death the idea of producing from it a solid elastic material occupied his entire mind. His experiments were conducted in Philadelphia, New York, and in different towns of Massachusetts, with his family always in want, and himself frequently in prison for debt; but on the receipt of a few dollars he would purchase new materials and renew his investigations. The first gleam of hope that came to him was in 1835, when he found that by boiling a compound of the gum and magnesia in quicklime and water an article was obtained that seemed to be all that he could desire. He obtained a patent for the process, and sold his product readily; but it was soon found that a drop of weak acid, such as apple-juice or vinegar and water, destroyed the effects of the lime and made the cloth sticky. A year later he found that the action of nitric acid on rubber produced a “curing” superior to anything hitherto made. The secret now seemed to be discovered. A partner with ample capital was found, the abandoned rubber-works on Staten Island leased, and a store on Broadway secured, but the panic of 1837 swept away the fortune of his partner, and left Goodyear penniless again. For some time he vainly endeavored to induce some one to furnish him with money, so that he might place his invention on the market. He was regarded as an object of ridicule, and was called an India-rubber maniac. At this period he was
