in destitute circumstances. Fort Gratiot, on St. Clair river, Mich., and the villages of Gratiot, in Michigan and Wisconsin, were named in his honor.
GRATTAN, Thomas Colley, English author,
b. in Dublin, Ireland, in 1796 ; d. in London, Eng-
land, 4 July, 1804. He studied law in Dublin, but
soon renounced this profession, and obtained a
commission in the army. He then married and
settled in France, but went to Belgium in 1828 and
resided principally in Brussels, devoting himself
to literature. Having taken an active part in sup-
porting the pretensions of King Leopold to the
throne of Belgium, he was, at that monarch's spe-
cial request, appointed in 1839 British consul at
Boston. He held this office until 1853, when he
accepted an office in the queen's household. His
works include a pamphlet on the " Boundary Ques-
tion between Great Britain and the United States"
(1842); "Civilized America," a splenetic attack on
American society and institutions (2 vols., London,
1809) ; " The Woman of Color " ; and " England
and the Disrupted States of America" (1861).
GRAU, Miguel (graouw), Peruvian naval offi-
cer, b. in Piura in June, 1834 ; d. at sea, 8 Oct., 1879.
He shipped on board a merchant vessel at the age
of ten years, and, after spending a short time at
the naval school of Callao, became, in 1852, a mid-
shipman in the Peruvian navy. He joined in the
revolt of 1856 against the government of Castilla,
and, on its suppression in 1858, returned to the
merchant service. He re-entered the navy in 1800,
was given command of the "Lersundi," and in
1865, when the war with Spain began, had reached
the rank of captain. He took a distinguished part
in the combat of Abtao in October, and on 2 May,
1866, participated in the defence of Callao against
the Spanish bombardment, in command of the
monitor " Manco Capac." He afterward took com-
mand of the turret-ship " Huascar." In 1875 he
was a deputy to congress, and a supporter of the
government of Manuel Pardo. He was appointed
director of the naval academy, and when the war
against Chili began, 5 April, 1879, held the rank of
rear-admiral. He at once joined the fleet, and took
command of his old ship, the " Huascar," and of
the small Peruvian fleet. On 21 May he attacked
two small Chilian vessels off Iquique with the
" Huascar " and " Independeneia," and sank one of
them, but the " Independeneia " was disabled by
the other. As this loss left the Peruvian fleet still
more inferior to the Chilian than before, Grau re-
ceived orders to avoid an engagement with the
Chilian iron-clads, and, owing to his superiority in
speed, made a successful cruise along the coast,
seriously harassing the enemy. At daybreak of
23 July, the " Huascar " and " Union " captured off
Antofagasta the powerful Chilian transport-steamer
" Rimac," with a cavalry regiment of 300 on board.
His successful depredations on the coast caused
the Chilian government to strain every nerve for
the capture of the "Huascar." On 8 Oct., in
thick, foggy weather, while the Peruvian vessels
were cruising near Antofagasta, Grau was sur-
prised and forced to a combat by the Chilian fleet.
Ordering the " Union " to part company, and try
by her superior speed to escape, he resolved to fight
his way through the enemy. Half an hour after
the beginning of the contest, a shell from the
" Cochrane " burst inside the " Huascar's " tower,
killing the admiral and his signal-officer. Shortly
afterward the other division of the Chilian fleet
came up, and, after an hour and a half of fighting,
the flag of the " Huascar " was lowered, 04 men
out of 193 being killed. After the war, the Peru-
vian nation erected a monument to Grau in Lima.
GRATEL, Elphige, Canadian R. C. bishop,
b. in St. Antoine, Riviere Chambly, Quebec, 12
Oct., 1838. He was educated at St. Hyacinths
and Montreal colleges, and has been a professor of
rhetoric and philosophy. He became parish priest
of Bedford in 1873, of St. Hyacinthe in 1880, and
canon of that place in the same year. In 1885 he
was consecrated first bishop of Nicolet.
GRAVES, Thomas, naval officer, b. in Ratcliffe,
England, 6 June. 1005 ; d. in Charlestown, Mass., 31
July, 1653. From 1632 till 1035 he was master of
several ships sailing between England and this
country. On 7 Oct., 1639, he was admitted to the
church in Charlestown with his wife Catherine Coyt-
more. In 1643 he was master of "The Tryal,"
which was the first ship ever built in Boston. As
a reward for his capture of a Dutch privateer in
the English Channel, during Cromwell's protector-
ate, he was appointed to command a ship-of-war
and made a rear-admiral. He was presented with
a silver cup by the owners of his ship.
GRATES, William Jordan, lawyer, b. in New-
castle, Ky., in 1805 ; d. in Louisville, Ky., 27 Sept.,
1848. He received an academic education, studied
law, and was admitted to the bar. He was a mem-
ber of the state house of representatives in 1834,
and served in congress from 1835 till 1841, having
been chosen as a Whig. During his term of office
he fought a duel with rifles, on 24 Feb., 1838, at
Bladensburg, Md., near Washington, with Jona-
than Cilley, a representative from Maine, in which
the latter was killed. He was re-elected to the
legislature of Kentucky in 1843, representing Jeffer-
son county. In 1848 he was a presidential elector.
GRAVES, Zwinglius Calvin, educator, b. in
Chester, Vt., in 1816. After attending various
academies he went to Ohio, and at the age of twenty-
one opened a school in Ashtabula. He was soon
elected principal of Kingsville academy, in the
same state, where he remained until 1850. In this
year he was called to take charge of the Mary
Sharpe female college, Winchester, Tenn., which
was founded with the aim of making its curriculum
substantially that of Brown University. — His wife,
Adelia Cleopatra, author, b. in Kingsville, Ash-
tabula CO., Ohio, 17 March, 1821, is the daughter
of Dr. D. M. Spencer, whose brother, P. R. Spencer,
was the originator of the Spencerian system of
penmanship. She was educated at the Jefferson
and Kingsville academies, and after her graduation
in 1841 became teacher of Latin and English com-
position in the latter institution, where she re-
mained until 1847. In 1841 she married Mr.
Graves, and after his removal to Mary Sharpe col-
lege served there as matron and professor of
rhetoric until 1881, and since that date has been
secretary and treasurer. For many years she has
been an invalid. In 1856-9 she edited the " South-
ern Child's Book." In 1809 she wrote children's
stories for the Baptist Sunday-school union under
the pen-name of " Aunt Alice." These include a
" Life of Columbus," two volumes of " Poems for
Children," and she also wrote " The New Testa-
ment Catechism of Questions and Answers in
Rhyme " under her own signature. Her other pub-
lications are " Jephthah's Daughter," an illustrated
drama for the use of schools (Memphis, 1867);
" Seclusaval, or the Arts of Romanism " (Memphis,
1869) ; and " Woman in Sacred Song " (Boston,
1885).— Zwinglius Calvin's brother, James Robin-
son, clergyman, b. in Chester, Vt., 10 April, 1820,
became a teacher at the age of nineteen, first in
Vermont and subsequently in Kentucky, whither
he removed on account of impaired health. While
teaching he pursued the studies of a college
