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bed, thrown into prison, and banished to Mendoza, 14 July, 1814. He then went to Buenos Ayres, and, meeting Carrera's brother Luis, was killed in the duel that resulted from their quarrel.

McKENNAN, Thomas McKean Thompson, lawyer, b. in New Castle county. Pa., 81 March, 1794: d. in Reading, Pa., 9 July, 1853. He was graduated at Washington college Pa., in 1810, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1814, and was deputy attorney-general for the county in 1815-'17. He soon won a place in the front rank of his profession, and received from Jefferson col- lege the degree of doctor of laws. He was elected as a Whig to congress, s^h^^ing from 5 Dec, 1831, till 3 March, 1839. and ai/ain from 31 May, 1841, till 3 March, 1843, was a presidential elector in 1840, president of tfie electoral college in 1848, and in 1850 was offei'^'i the secretaryship of the interior in the cabinet, of President Fillmore. Re- luctantly accepting, lie went to Washington, but soon became disgu.-^tfed with official routine and the importunities of piace-hunters. and resigned after scarcely a month's tenure of office.

McKENNEY, Thomas Lorraine, author, b. in Hopewell. Somerset co., Md., 21 March. 1785; d. in New York city, 19 Feb., 1859. He was edu- cated at Chestertown, Md., and engaged in busi- ness at Georgetown, D. C. In 1816 he was ap- pointed superintendent of the United States trade with the Indian tribes. In 1824, the bureau of In- dian affairs having been organized in connection with the war department, Mr. McKenney was placed in charge of it. In 182G he was made a special commissioner with Lewis Cass to negotiate an important treaty with the Chippewa Indians at Fond du Lac, in the territory of Michigan. In 1823, an effort having been made by interested par- ties to injure his fair fame, a speech that he deliv- ered in his own defence before a committee of con- gress, greatly increased his reputation as an honest and capable superintendent of Indian affairs. He published " Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes, etc." (Baltimore, 1827), with many illustrations of Michi- gan life and scener}% and was also the author, in connection with James Hall, of " A History of the Indian Tribes," illustrated with 120 colored Indian portraits (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1838-'44). The high price of the volume ($120) has restricted it to the public libi'aries and to private collections. He also wrote " Essays on the Spirit of Jacksonianism as Exemplified in its Deadly Hostility to the Bank of the United States, etc." (Philadelphia. 1835), and " Memoirs, Official and Personal, with Sketches of Travels among the Northern and Southern In- dians, etc." (2d ed.. New York, 1846).

MACKENZIE, Sir Alexander, explorer, b. in Inverness, Scotland, about 1755 ; d. in Dalhousie, Scotland, 12 March, 1820. In his youth he emi- grated to Canada and became a clerk of one of the partners in the Northwest fur company. His employer determined to send him on an ex- ploring expedition, but, before going, Mackenzie spent a year in England, studying astronomy and navigation. He then returned to Fort Chippewyan, on Lake Athabasca, where he had already spent eight years in trading with the Indians, and on 3 June, 1789, set out on his expedition, with four canoes and a party of twelve persons. At the western end of Great Slave lake he entered a river to which he gave his name, and explored it until 15 July, when he reached the Arctic ocean. Farther northward progress was stopped by ice. The farthest point that he reached was 69° north lati- tude. He then returned to the fort, where he ar- rived on 13 Sept. On 10 July, 1792, he undertook a more hazardous expedition to the western coast of North America and succeeded, in June, 1793, in reaching Cape Menzies, on the Pacific ocean, in latitude 52° 31' north, and longitude 128° 12' west, being the first white man to cross the Rocky mountains and reach the Pacific ocean. He returned to England in 1801 and was knighted the following year. He published a detailed ac- count of his explorations, entitled "Voyages from Montreal, on the River St. Lawrence, through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans " (London, 1801).

McKENZIE, Alexander, clergyman, b. in New Bedford, Mass., 14 Dec, 1830. He was graduated at Harvard in 1859, and at Andover theological seminary in 1861, and ordained pastor of a Con- gregational church in Augusta, Me., in the latter year, remaining there until 1867. Since that date he has had charge of the First church at Cambi'idge, Mass., and in 1886 was appointed one of the preachers to Harvard university. In 1882 he was lecturer on the theology of the New Testament in Andover seminary, of which institution he became trustee in 1876. He received the degree of D. D. from Amherst in 1879. He is also a lecturer in Harvard divinity-school, and a member and secre- tary of the board of overseers of Harvard. He has published "The Two Boys" (Boston, 1870); " History of the First Church, Cambridge " (1873) ; and " Cambridge Sermons " (1883).

MACKENZIE, Alexander, Canadian states- man, b. in Scotland, 28 Jan., 1822 ; d. in Toronto, 17 April, 1892. He was educated at the public schools of Moulin, Dunkeld, and Perth, and after — ^ following for a time the trade of a mason, became, like his father, an architect and build- er. In 1842 he emi- grated to Kingston, Canada, where he worked as a journey- man, and he soon af- terward began business on his own account as a builder and contract- or at Sarnia, in western Canada. He had been a Whig in Scotland, and naturally, soon

after his arrival in

Canada, allied himself with the Liberal party. In 1852 the " Lambton Shield," a reform news- paper, was established, with Mr. Mackenzie as editor. In 1861 he was elected to parliament for Lambton, and represented it till 1867. He sup- ported John Sandfield Macdonald, favored the project of confederation, was opposed to the coali- tion of 1864, and declined a seat in the Canadian cabinet on the retirement of George Brown in 1865. In 1867 he was elected for Lambton to the Canadian parliament, and again in 1873, 1874, and 1878. He was chosen for East York in 1882, and re-elected for that place in February, 1887, In 1867, on the defeat of George Brown, Mr. Macken- zie succeeded to the leadership of the Reform op- position in parliament, and in 1873 he was desig- nated as leader of the entire Liberal party in Canada. On 5 Nov., 1873, upon the resignation of Sir John A. Macdonald, Mr. Mackenzie was called upon by Lord Dufferin to form an administration, which he succeeded in doing a few days afterward, taking the office of minister of public works, which he held till he resigned with the members of