, and held the post of minister again until 1877, atter the triumph of the Tuxtepec revolution, headed by Gen. Diaz, against Lerdo's government, when he returned to Mexico. After the Tuxtepec revolution had been sanctioned by the country and Gen. Diaz was elected president, Mariscal was ap- pointed magistrate of the court of appeals of the Federal district, and in December, 1879, secretary of justice and of public instruction. He succeeded at that time in reforming the codes of pi'oceedings that he had before introduced at the department of justice. On 22 Nov., 1880, he was appointed sec- retary of foreign affairs, and he arranged shortly afterward the renewal of diplomatic relations be- tween Mexico and France. This post he held until May, 1888, when, an agreement having been made for the renewal of official relations between Mexi- co and Great Britain, he was appointed minister at the court of St. James. He remained in Lon- don until 1 Dec, 1884, when Gen. Diaz, who had been re-elected president, appointed him secretary of foreign affairs, which post he still (1888) holds. During Mariscal's service at the state department in Mexico, several questions of the greatest gravity were settled, including that of the boundary dis- pute with Guatemala.
MARKHAM, Clements Robert, English ex-
plorer, b. in Still ingfleet, near York, 20 July, 1830.
He was educated at Westminster school, entered
the navy in 1844. and became a lieutenant in 1850,
but resigned the following year on returning from
an expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. In
1852-'4 he explored Peru and the forests of the
€astern Andes. Subsequently he entered the civil
service and was placed in charge of the geographi-
cal department of the India office in 1868. He be-
came secretary of the Hakluyt society in 1858 and
of the Royal geographical society in 1863, and in
1872-'8 edited the " Geographical Magazine." Mr.
Markham introduced the cultivation of the cin-
chona-plant into India and Ceylon in 1860-T. He
aided in preparing a manual of arctic discoveries
and other information for the use of the expedition
to the north pole that was sent out under his brother,
Commander Albert H. Markham, in May, 1875.
He is the author of many works on geographical
and historical subjects, including " Franklin's Foot-
steps (London, 1852) ; " Cuzco and Lima " (1856) ;
" Travels in Peru and India " (1862) ; " A Quichua
Grammar and Dictionary" (1863); "Ollanta, a
Quichua Drama " (1871) ; " The Threshold of the
Unknown Region " (1874) ; " A Memoir of the
Countess of Chinchon " (1875); "Peruvian Bark"
(1880) ; and " The War between Chili and Peru "
(1883). He has translated several Spanish accounts
of the conquest of Peru for the Hakluyt society
and superintended manv of its other publications.
MARKHAM, Jared Clark, architect, b. in Ty-
ringham, Mass., 18 Nov., 1816. He is a direct de-
scendant of Sir Robert Markham, a knight of
<5ueen Elizabeth's time. He was educated in the
common schools and under private tutors, and
read law, but abandoned it for architecture. He
is the architect of the Saratoga monument, and
designer of the bronze allegorical interior bas-re-
liefs. (See Gates, Horatio.) He published and
edited at Troy, N. Y., in 1860, under the auspices
of the Saratoga county agricultural society, a
magazine devoted to the industrial interests of
New York state, and is the author of an " Appeal
to the American People in Behalf of National
Monuments " (New York, 1872) ; " Monumental
Art" (1884) ; and " Historic Sculpture " (1886) ; be-
sides frequent contributions to architectural pe-
riodicals. He is now (1888) engaged on a work to
be entitled " Elementary Principles of Art : its
Nature and Uses in the Development of Individual
and National Character."
MARKHAM, William, colonial governor, b. in
England about 1635 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12
June, 1704. He was a first cousin of William
Penn, who, after obtaining the charter for Penn-
sylvania, appointed him, on 10 April, 1681. his
deputy, with authority to establish courts, settle
boundaries, sell lands, and exercise every right
that was granted to Penn except that of calling a
legislative assembly. Markham sailed for Boston
soon after obtaining his commission and made his
way thence to New Y^ork, where he exhibited his
credentials and received from the acting governor
a letter to the local officials on the Delaware, noti-
fying them of the transfer of authority. He ar-
rived at Upland (now Chester), the only town then
in Pennsylvania, and on 3 Aug., 1681, constituted
a council composed of six Quakers and three of
the earlier settlers. At the end of the year, with
surveyors that had been sent by Penn to lay out a
great town of 10,000 acres, he selected the site for
Philadelphia. On 15 July, 1682, he purchased
from the Indians the site of Pennsbury Manor and
adjoining lands on Delaware river. Soon after
Markham's arrival. Lord Baltimore came to Up-
land to confer with him regarding the boundary-
line between the respective grants, which was de-
fined in one charter as the thirty-ninth and in the
other as the fortieth parallel. On the coming of
William Penn, 27 Oct.. 1682, the commission of
his deputy lapsed. Markham was chosen a mem-
ber of the council, and in the following summer
went to England to represent the proprietor in
the controversy with Lord Baltimore, which was
brought before the lords in council, but was not
arranged till after Penn's death, and not finally
settled till the drawing of Mason and Dixon's line.
In 1684, when Penn went to England to try his
cause before the government, Markham returned
to this country and became secretary of the prov-
ince. He also acted as secretary to the proprie-
tary till 1699, and was appointed a commissioner
to sell lands in 1686, and in 1689 an auditor of ac-
counts. He was an adherent of the Church of
England, and sympathized with the Swedish,
Dutch, and earlier English emigrants in their dis-
putes with the Quakers. In the conflict between
Capt. John Blackwell and Thomas Lloyd he sided
with the former. In 1691 the territories that com-
pose the present state of Delaware were separated
from the province, and Markham was appointed
deputy governor over them. When the crown as-
sumed the administration of Pennsylvania in 1693,
he acted as Gov. Benjamin Fletcher's deputy, and,
on the restoration of the province to Penn in Au-
gust, 1694, was commissioned lieutenant-governor,
and administered both the province and the terri-
tories till the arrival of the proprietor for the sec-
ond time at the close of 1699. The assembly that he
convened in September, 1695, assumed that the old
constitution had expired, and passed new funda-
mental laws of a democratic character. Markham
dissolved the assembly, but did not renew the con-
test when the legislature of October, 1696, framed
a constitution that made the people the source of
honor and of power and reduced the governor to a
mere presiding officer in the council. In opening
the next assembly in May, 1697, he said: "You
are met not by virtue of any writ of mine, but of
a law made by yourselves." During his adminis-
tration of the government he was accused by the
surveyor-general of customs of conniving at piracy,
neglecting to enforce forfeitures of bonds, and ad-
