to congress, and served from 5 Dec, 1835, till 3 March, 1827. At the end of his term he established himself in practice in Baltimore. In 1845 he was appointed chief judge of the western judicial dis- trict, and served till 1851, exercising also the office, which the law then devolved upon the chief district judges, of a judge of appeals. Prom 1859 till 1867 he was judge of the superior court of Baltimore, and then till his death a professor in the law-school of the University of Maryland at Baltimore.
MARTIN, Thomas Mower, Canadian artist, b.
in London, England, 5 Oct., 1838. He was edu-
cated at the military college of Enfield and in the
South Kensington art galleries, and in 1862 came
to Toronto, Canada, where he was the first artist
that was able to live by his profession. He was
one of the founders of the Ontario art union, the
Ontario society of artists, and the Royal Canadian
academy, was president of the first society of artists
in Canada, and in 1877 became director of the
Ontario school of art, which he had established.
He removed to New York in 1884, and has con-
tributed to the exhibitions of the American water-
color society and the National academy of design.
Mr. Martin has invented a stretching-frame for
canvas or paper. Among his works are " The Un-
touched Wilderness," painted for the queen of
England in 1882, and now in Windsor castle ; " A
Summer Idyl " and " Whiskey Ring," exhibited at
the Centennial in Philadelphia in 1876 ; and " Sun-
rise, Muskoka," and " Canadian Game," both of
which were shown at the colonial and Indian ex-
hibition in London in 1886.
MARTIN, William Alexander Parsons, missionary, b. in Livonia, Ind., 10 April, 1827. He was graduated at Indiana state university in 1846, studied theology at the Presbyterian seminary. New Albany, Ind., since removed to Chicago, and in 1850 went to Ning-po, China, where he was engaged for ten years in missionary labor. He acted
as interpreter for William B. Reed, the U. S. minister, in negotiating the treaty of 1858 with China, and in 1859 accompanied his successor, John E. Ward, to Peking and to Yeddo, Japan. From 1863 till 1868 he was a missionary at Peking, and in 1869 became president of the Tong Weng college in that city and professor of international law. He
was the first foreigner to make the journey from Peking to Shanghai on the grand canal, and described the trip in the " Journal of the Asiatic Society " (1866). He acted as an adviser of Chinese
officials on questions of international law when dis-
putes have arisen with European powers, notably
during the conflict with France in 1884-'5. In
1885 he was made a mandarin of the third class.
He received the degree of D. D. from Lafayette
college in 1860, and that of LL. D. from the Uni-
versity of the city of New York in 1870. Dr.
Martin edited the Peking " Scientific Magazine,"
printed in Chinese, from 1875 till 1878, and has
published in the Chinese language " Evidences of
Christianity " (1855 ; 10th ed., 1885), which was
translated into Japanese and obtained a large cir-
culation in Japan; "The Three Principles "(1856);
" Religious Allegories " (1857) ; a translation of
Henry Wheaton's " Elements of International Law "
(1863) ; an educational treatise on " Natural Phi-
losophy " (1866) ; translations of Theodore D.
Woolsey's " Introduction to the Study of Interna-
tional Law " (1875) ; the " Guide Diplomatique " of
- Georg P. von Martens, and " Das moderne Volker-
reeht," by Johann K. Bluntschli (1879) ; and a
work on " Mathematical Physics " (1885). He has
contributed to American and English reviews and
to the transactions of learned societies, and pub-
lished in English " The Chinese : their Education,
Philosophv, and Letters " (Shanghai and London,
1880 ; new ed.. New York, 1881).
MARTIN, William Dobbin, jurist, b. in Mar-
tintown, Edgefield district, S. C, 20 Oct., 1789; d.
in Charleston, S. C, 16 Nov., 1833. He received a
classical education, studied law with Edmund Ba-
con in Edgefield and at the Litchfield law-school,
was admitted to the bar in 1811, and practised in
Edgefield till 1813, when he removed to Coosa-
whatchie. He and his friend James L. Pettigru
divided all the leading eases in lower Carolina, ex-
cept in Charleston, and were accustomed to ex-
amine their cases together out of court, and reduce
the argument to the actual point in dispute. He
was elected to the state house of representatives
in 1816, and was chosen chairman of the judiciary
committee in 1818. The same year he was elected
clerk of the senate, and held that office till 1826,
when he was chosen a representative in congress as
a state rights Democrat, and took his seat on 3 Dec,
1827. He was re-elected without opposition, and
on its expiration was chosen a circuit judge, and
removed to Columbia.
MARTINAYS, Edouard Simon (mar-tee-nay),
Flemish author, b. in Bruges in 1739 ; d. in Mech-
lin in 1796. He began life as a clerk in a mercan-
tile house, and in 1761 was sent to Buenos Ayres to
establish an agency. Having acquired a large for-
tune, he began to travel in 1779 through South
America, and, returning to Europe in 1784, fixed
his residence in Mechlin. He devoted the remain-
der of his life to literature and published guides
for the use of European merchants trading with
South America. Among his works are " Histoire
des etats limitrophes du Rio de la Plata, etudies
au point de vue commercial et des ressources qu'ils
offrent aux marchands Europeens " (2 vols., Brus-
sels, 1789), and " L'Amerique du Sud, etudiee au
point de vue de debouche du commerce des pays
soumis a la domination de la maison d'Autriche "
(Mechlin, 1791).
MARTINDALE, Henry Clinton, member of
congress, b. in Berkshire county, Mass., 6 May,
1780 ; d. in Sandy Hill, Washington co.. N. Y., 22
April, 1860. He was graduated at Williams in
1800, studied law, and established himself in prac-
tice at Sandy Hill. After filling various local of-
fices, he was elected to congress as a Whig, and re-
elected for the three succeeding terms, serving from
1 Dec. 1823. till 3 March, 1831. After an interval
of one term he was returned for the fifth time, and
served from 2 Dec, 1833, till 3 March, 1835.— His
son, Jolin Henry, soldier, b. at Sandv Hill, N. Y.,
20 March, 1815 ; d. in Nice. France, 13 Dec, 1881,
was graduated at the U. S. military academy in
1835, and attached to the 1st dragoons, but re-
signed on 10 March, 1836, and, after a brief em-
ployment as engineer in the construction of a rail-
road, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1838,
and began practice in Batavia, N. Y. He held the
office of district attorney of Genesee county by ap-
pointment of the court in 1842-'5, and in 1847-51
by election under the new constitution of 1846.
In the spring of 1851 he removed to Rochester,
N. Y., and there followed his profession until the
civil war. On 9 Aug., 1861, he was commissioned
brigadier-general of volunteers. He won credit
by the skilful handling of his brigade during the
peninsular campaign. At Hanover Court-House,
with about 1,000 men, he bore the attack of 4,000
until Gen. Fitz-John Porter came up, and thus
enabled the National forces to achieve a complete
victory. His brigade was prominently engaged at
Gaines's Mills and at Malvern Hill. In the retreat
