and defeated the Archduke Charles of Austria at Heydenheim and in many engagements; but his supplies having been cut off by the withdrawal of Jourdan, who was to co-operate with him, he made a retreat of twenty-six days between three hostile armies, without losing a gun, bringing back 7,000 prisoners. He defeated the Austrians again at Huningen in the following year, commanded in Italy in 1799, and in Germany in 1800, defeating the Austrians at Hohenlinden on 3 Dec. As he was the only military rival of Napoleon Bonaparte, the first consul, becoming jealous, caused him to be accused of complicity with the royalists, and he was sentenced to exile in 1804. Moreau embarked for the United States, arriving with his wife in New York in December. He was received with enthusiasm in this country, but refusing all offers of service he travelled for some time through the country and settled in 1806 in New Jersey, where he bought a villa near Delaware river, a few miles from Trenton. He lived there till 1813, dividing his time between fishing, hunting, and social intercourse. His abode was the refuge of all political exiles, and representatives of foreign powers tried to induce him to raise his sword against Napoleon. When war seemed imminent between the United States and Great Britain, Moreau was offered by President Madison the command of the U. S. troops. He was willing to accept, but the events of the Russian campaign decided him to return to Europe. He was received with enthusiasm by the Emperor Alexander and the king of Prussia, drew the plan of campaign against Napoleon, and was directing a movement during the battle of Dresden, 27 Aug., 1813, when he was mortally wounded. His interesting correspondence while he was in the United States has been published several times. Moreau's biographies, both in French and in English, are also numerous. A good edition was published by Hyde de Neuville, French consul-general in New York, entitled “Éloge historique du Général Moreau” (New York, 1814).
MOREAU, Louis Zepherin, Canadian R. C.
bishop, b. in Becancour, Quebec, 1 April, 1824. He
was educated at the Seminary of Nicolet, and or-
dained priest, 19 Dec, 1846.' Till 1876 he was
assistant secretary of the bishopric of Montreal,
and he has been also secretary of that of St. Hya-
cinthe, procureur and vicar-general of that diocese,
and cura of the cathedral. On 16 Jan., 1876, he
became bishop of St. Hyacinthe.
MOREAU-CHRISTOPHE, Louis Mathuriu,
French economist, b. in Loches in 1799 ; d. in
Paris in 1883. He studied law and was admitted
to the bar in 1825, but abandoned his profes-
sion in 1830, when he was appointed inspector of
the prisons of the department of the Seine. He
was sub-prefect of Dreux in 1833-'7, and in the
latter year was appointed inspector-general of the
prisons of France, which post he held till the revo-
lution of 1848. He undertook to reorganize the
penitentiary system, and studied the prisons of
various European countries and of the United
States. He was so much impressed with the regu-
lations of the Cherry Hill penitentiary in Phila-
delphia that he thoroughly reformed the French
prisons on the same plan. In 1841 he revisit-
ed the United States to study the institutions of
refuge for deserted and criminal children, and on
his return to France founded the colony of Met-
tray on a plan similar to that of the reformatories
of the state of New York. Moreau visited the
United States many times, and introduced into
France every improvement in our prison system.
His numerous works include " De la mortalite et
de la folie dans le regime penitentiaire, et speciale-
ment aux Etats-Unis de I'Amerique du Nord "
(Paris, 1839) ; "' Rapport sur les prisons de I'Ame-
rique du Nord " (1844) ; " Documents officiels sur
le penitencier de Cherry Hill a Philadelphie "
(1844) ; " Defense du nouveau projet de loi sur les
prisons eontre les attaques de ses adversaires "
(1844) ; '^ Code des prisons de 1670 a 1861 " (4 vols.,
1845-'69) ; " Le monde des coquins " (2 vols.,
1863-'5) ; " Du probleme de la misere, et de sa so-
lution chez les peuples anciens et modernes " (1851 ;
revised ed.. 2 vols.. 1865).
MOREAU DE SAINT MERY, Mederic Louis Elie, French administrator, b. in Fort Royal, Martinique, 13 Jan.. 1750: d. in Paris, 28 Jan., 1819. At the age of about twenty years he went
to France and entered the royal police force. At
the same time he studied law, and in three years
was familiar with mathematics and the code. In
1773 he was admitted to the bar by the parliament
of Paris, returned to Martinique to arrange his
affairs, and began to practise in the court of Cape
Fran^ais. In 1780 he was called to the superior
council of French Santo Domingo, and occupied
his leisure time in collecting material about the
laws, geography, and history of the French colo-
nies. He searched the archives and the notary's
office of the island for information, and during a
visit to Santo Domingo in 1783 discovered the tomb
of Christopher Columbus, which he restored at his
own expense. He was sent as a representative for
Santo Domingo to parliament, and contributed to
the election of Lafayette as chief of the National
guard. He was deputy for Martinique in 1790 in
the constituent assembly, occupying himself espe-
cially with the colonial affairs. He was imprisoned
with the Duke of Rochefoucauld on account of
political disturbances, but escaped, and, taking ref-
uge in the United States, established in Philadel-
phia a printing-office and book-store, and published
various works. About 1800 the French government
appointed him councillor of state, but in 1806 he
was deposed by Najjoleon. and after that time
lived in retirement. He left many works of merit,
including " Lois et constitutions des colonies Fran-
daises de I'Amerique, sous le vent, de 1558 a 1785 "
(6 vols., Paris, 1784-'90) ; " Description topogra-
phique et politique de la partie Espagnole de Pile
de Saint Domingue " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1796) ;
" Description de la partie Frangaise de I'ile de
Saint Domingue " (2 vols., 1797-'8) : and " Reper-
toir de notions eoloniales " (2 vols., Paris, 1801).
MOREHEAD, Charles Slaughter, governor
of Kentucky, b. in Nelson county, Ky., 7 July,
1802 ; d. near Greenville, Washington co.. Miss., 23
Dec, 1868. He was educated at Transylvania,
studied law, which he practised in Frankfort, and
was elected to the legislature in 1828. From 1830
till 1835 he was attorney-general of Kentucky, and
he served again in the legislature in 1838-'45, offici-
ating as speaker in the last three years. He was
then elected to congress as a Whig, serving from 6
Dec, 1847, till 3 March, 1851. He was again a
member of the legislature in 1853, was governor of
Kentucky from 1855 till 1859, and was one of the
most devoted friends and supporters of Henry
Clay. He then removed to Louisville, where he
practised law, and was a delegate to the peace con-
vention in Washington in 1861, and also a member
of the border state convention which met in Frank-
fort in that year. His endeavors to bring about
the secession of Kentucky occasioned his arrest in
1861, but after imprisonment in Fort Lafayette his
friends secured his release and he went to England,
where he resided during the remainder of the civil
