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fornia. Afterward he visited Peru, Chili, and the Argentine provinces, returning in 1795 to Europe, where he became professor of natural history at the College of Gotha. He published “ De Usu et ratione experimentorum in perficiendi historia naturali” (Prague, 1787; revised and enlarged ed., Gotha, 1796); “Vermium fluvialum Americanarum, sive animalium infusorium helminthorum et testaceorum historia” (Gotha, 1796); “Flora Mexicana” (2 vols., 1798); “Flora Peruana” (2 vols., 1800); “Reisen durch Mexico und Süd-Amerika” (2 vols., 1801); “Compendium plantarum sponte crescentium circa Conceptium in quo familiae per tabulas disponuntur” (2 vols., 1802); “Icones plantarum Americanarum rarium” (2 vols., 1803); and several less important works.

LOUBOIS, Chevalier de, b. in France in the latter part of the 17th century. He was mayor of New Orleans in 1730, when he was sent at the head of an expedition against the Natchez, who held several French prisoners, and attacked the Indians who were intrenched in two forts on the Bay of the Tonicas (now Bayou Sainte Catherine). The Nat- chez made a vigorous resistance for several days, and Loubois, dreading treachery on the part of his savage allies, the Choctaws, allowed them to retire on condition of giving up their prisoners. He then returned to New Orleans, and set out again in 1731 at the head of sixty men to the relief of Juchereau, Sieur de St. Denys {q. v.), who was be- sieged by the Natchez at Fort Natchitoches. But, ^fter advancing six leagues up Red river, he was informed by a messenger from Juchereau that the Indians were defeated. Loubois was engaged in various expeditions, and his valor and experi- ence are highly praised by Charlevoix and other historians of New France.

LOUD, Marguerite St. Leon, poet, b. in Wy- sox, Bradfoi'd co., Pa., about 1800. Her maiden name was Barstow. After her marriage in 1824 she lived in Philadelphia, except during a brief residence in the south, and contributed poetry to the " United States Gazette" and to the monthly magazines of that city. A volume entitled " Wayside Flowers " was published (Boston, 1851). Some of her poems are reprinted in Griswold's " Female Poets of Amer- ica " and in the similar collections of Thomas Bu- chanan Read and Caroline May.

LOUDOUN, John Campbell, Earl of, British soldier, b. in Scotland in 1705 ; d. there, 27 April, 1782. He succeeded to the estate and title in 1731. He was a friend of Lord Halifax, and when the board of trade determined to unite the colonies under military rule and force them to support a perma- nent army was cho- sen to carry out this policy. He was appointed to suc- ceed the popular William Shirley as com mander-in-chief of the British forces

in North America,

^ and given the additional dignity of governor of " Virginia, although Robert Dinwiddle continued to administer the province. Loudoun arrived in New York in July, 1756. Although devoted to the idea of colonial sub- ordination, he was an incapable and irresolute officer. After collecting a force sufficient to crush the French, he disbanded the provincials and sent the regulars into winter-quarters, illegally billet- ing the officers on the citizens of New York and Philadelphia. He further incensed the Americans by nnposing an embargo on commerce, and on 20 June, 1757, after impressing 400 men in New York and committing other arbitrary acts, sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia. He had there an army of 10.000 troops and a fleet of sixteen sail be- sides frigates, and, after wasting time in foolish parades, embarked the soldiers to attack Louis- burg; but, on hearing that the French had one ship more than the English, revoked the order and returned to New York. Although the English had been driven from the lake region and the val- ley of the St. Lawrence, Fort William Henry had fallen and the province of New York was threat- ened, yet Lord Loudoun encamped his forces on Long island and remained inactive. When Will- iam Pitt became prime minister toward the close of 1757, he resolved on a vigorous campaign to save the English colonies from the French, who encircled them and were already in possession of three quarters of the continent. The British min- ister declared that he never heard from the com- mander-in-chief in- America and could not tell what he was doing, and, in spite of the protests of Loudoun's many friends, recalled him and ap- pointed Lord Amherst in his place.

LOUGHBOROUGH, James Moore (luff-burro), lawver, b. near Shelbyville, Kv., 2 Nov., 1833 -, d. in Little Rock, Ark., 31 July, 1876. He left college at the age of nineteen, to JDecome a clerk under his father, who was the land-agent for Illinois and Missouri. He served throughout the civil war as a colonel on the staff of the Confederate Gen. Sterling Price, and was for some time a prisoner. After the war he practised law in St. Louis, Mo., superintended the land-sales of the Iron Mountain railway, removing to Little Rock, and was a member in 1874-'5 of the Arkansas legislature, where he introdticed a bill for the conversion of depreciated certificates into a funded debt, which did much to restore the financial credit of the state. — His wife, Mary Webster, author, b. in New York city, 27 Aug., 1836 ; d. in Little Rock, Ark., 27 Aug., 1887, was taken to St. Louis, Mo., in her infancy, graduated at Monticello seminary, Godfrey, Ill., in 1853, and in 1857 was married. She accompanied her husband during the civil war, and kept a diary of the siege of Vicksburg, from which she prepared her first book, entitled " My Cave Life in Vicksburg" (New York, 1864). She afterward contributed stories relating to the early history of St. Louis to " The Land We Love." In 1871 she removed with her husband to Little Rock, She wrote for various newspapers, and in 1883 established the "Southern Ladies' Jotirnal," which she edited till her death. In it she published a se- rial entitled " For Better, for Worse." Mrs. Loughborough established also a Woman's exchange in Little Rock with the object of opening a wider range of remunerative employment for her sex.

LOUGHLIN, John, R. C.'bishop, b. in County Down, Ireland, in 1817; d. in Brooklyn, 29 Dec, 1891. He emigrated to the United States in early youth, was educated at Mount St. Mary's college, Eminettsburg, Md., taught there several years, and in 1840 was ordained priest in the Roman Catholic church. He was assistant priest in St. Patrick's cathedral. New York city, in 1841-'4, at the latter date became rector, and, on the formation of the diocese of Brooklyn, was consecrated its first bishop