the building of a church. He also attended various places within a radius of fifty miles, and taught for nearly a year, his parishioners being too poor to pay a teacher. He also began the study of medicine, for which an extensive knowledge of botany served him. While journeying through the forests on his missionary duties he searched for flowers and plants to be used in compounding medicines, and also found means to form a valu- able collection, which he afterward forwarded to the museum at 3Iunich. In 1840 he was prostrated by an intermittent fever, and he then sought admit- tance at the Redemptorist convent in Pittsburg, Pa., on 18 Oct., and two years later he made his vows, being the first Redemptorist that professed in the United States. He spent the two following years in giving missions in Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. He was appointed in 1844 superior of the Redemptorist convent of Pittsburg, and built the church of St. Philomena, the whole super- intendence of which devolved on him. He also wrote a catechism and a Bible history for the use of schools, spending night hours on these com- pilations when the day's work was over. At the same time he composed manuals for the various confraternities of the Redemptorist churches. Be- fore leaving Pittsburg he had nearly finished a new Redemptorist convent and novitiate. He was appointed superior of the American province on 15 Dec, 1846, and during his provincialship Redemp- torist foundations were made and churches were erected under his direction in the chief cities of the United States. In 1847 he intrusted the three female schools under his jurisdiction in Baltimore to the School-sisters of Notre Dame, who had just arrived from Bavaria, and his zeal in spreading this order throughout the United States entitles him to be regarded as its founder in this country. In 1849 he laid down his office and was made con- suitor to the provincial. In 1851 he was made rector of St. Alphonsus's churcli, Baltimore, and in the same year was appointed bishop of Philadel- phia. After vainly endeavoring to decline the office he was consecrated by Archbishop Kenrick on 20 March, 1852. He set about erecting churches wherever they were needed, and during the first five years of his episcopate he opened more than fifty. In some parishes where there was a feeling against ecclesiastical authority he restored peace by his prudence and firmness. At his death paro- chial schools in his diocese had increased from a few to more than a hundred. He also founded St. Joseph's college in Susquehanna county, and various academies and hospitals. The Sisters of the third order of St. Francis owe their existence to Bishop Neumann. They now have twenty-five convents and over 200 professed sisters, who are principally engaged in nursing the sick at their own homes. In 1854 lie visited Rome to take part in the defini- tion of the dogma of the immaculate conception, and after his return he devoted his energies to the completion of the cathedral of Philadelphia, which had been begun by his predecessor. In 1858 it was opened for worship. It was said of him that in the eight years of his episcopate he had accomplished the work of twenty. To a great sanctity of life he added a high degree of learning and scholarship. He could converse freely in at least twelve modern languages. The Roman Catholics of his diocese believed after his death that many wonderful cures were effected through his intercession. In 1884 steps were taken toward his canonization. See " Life of Right Rev. John Neumann, D. D.," by Rev, Eugene Grimm, from the German of Rev. John A. Berger (New York, 1884).
NEUMANN, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Brussels,
Belgium, in 1047; d. in Mexico, 1 May, 17;:52. He
studied in Olmutz, and afterward entering the
Society of Jesus asked to be sent to the American
mission, and embarked for Mexico in 1678. He
was appointed superior of New Biscay after his
arrival, and spent several years in preaching to the
Indians of California. He wrote " Brief R. P.
Yesephi Neumann S. Y. an P. Franc Stovvasser,
geschrieben zu Sisokitschik in Neu-Biscaja in Nord-
America," which was published in the '• Weltbott "
of Stocklein, and '"Historia Seditionum, quas ad-
versus Societatis Jesu Missionarios moverunt na-
tiones Indicas " (Prague, 1730).
NEUVILLE, Jean Guillaume, Baron Hyde
de, French statesman, b. in the Castle of Neuville,
near Charité-sur-Loire, 24 Jan., 1776; d. in Paris,
28 May, 1847. After studying in the College
Cardinal Lemoine, in Paris, he entered political life at
the age of sixteen. He became one of the most
trusted agents of the exiled Bourbon princes, and
after the coup d'état of 9 Nov., 1799, he had, under
the name of Paul Xavier, an interview with
Bonaparte, in which conditions for the restoration of
Louis XVIII. were discussed. During the consulate
and empire he practised medicine in Lyons
under the name of Roland, and obtained a gold
medal for the propagation of vaccine; but in 1806
Napoleon consented to refund Neuville's confiscated
estate on condition that he should go to the
United States, and the latter settled near New
Brunswick, N. J., where his house became a place
of refuge for French exiles. In 1813 he was instrumental
in deciding his friend, Gen. Moreau (q. v.)
to accept the propositions of the emperor of Russia.
Neuville returned to France in April, 1814,
and was given, by Louis XVIII., a mission to
London to offer the mediation of France between
Great Britain and the United States. In December
of the same year he went to Rome and had
several secret interviews with Prince Lucien, a
brother of Napoleon, the purpose of which was to
decide the latter to leave Elba and go to the
United States; but the secret transpired through
an indiscreet secretary, and Napoleon, taking
alarm, left suddenly for France. In 1815 he was
elected to the chamber of deputies, and on 14
Jan., 1816, appointed minister and consul-general
for the United States. He arrived in
Washington in August following, was received with
favor by President Madison, and soon became a
leader in society. The influence he thus acquired
enabled him to negotiate a very favorable treaty of
commerce and navigation, which was signed, 24
June, 1822, and several articles of which are still
in force. Louis XVIII. created him a baron, and
in 1821 gave him the grand cross of the Legion of
honor as a reward for his services. He was recalled
late in 1821, and re-elected deputy in 1822. In 1823
he became ambassador to Lisbon, where he rescued
the old king, John VI., who had been imprisoned
by his son, and was created Count de Pembosta.
He was returned to the chamber of deputies in
1824 and 1827, and as secretary of the navy in the
Martignac cabinet, 1828-'30, greatly improved the
colonial system of France, and prohibited the
slave-trade in its American possessions. Under Louis
Philippe he lived quietly upon his estate of l'Étang,
near Sancerre, but in 1837 he took an active part
in the discussion of a new treaty of commerce
with the United States, and caused several
pamphlets to be printed on the subject. He published
“Éloge historique du Général Moreau” (New York,
1814) and “Observations sur le commerce de la
France avec les États-Unis” (Paris, 1837).
