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left also several manuscripts that are deposited in the Vatican library in Rome.

ORLEANS, Louis Philippe d', king of the French, b. in Paris, France, (j Oct., 1778; d. in Claremont, England, 26 Aug., 1850. He was edu- cated by Mme. de Genlis, embraced the doctrines of the French revolution with his father, who ex- changed his title of Duke d'Orleans for the name Philippe Egalite, and performed brilliant services in the revolutionary army. Becoming involved in the schemes of Charles F. Dumouriez, he escaped with that general, and for several months taught mathematics and geography in a school at Reiche- nau, Switzerland. After his father was beheaded he travelled under an assumed name in northern Europe, and on 24 Sept., 1796, took passage as a Danish subject on the ship "America," and landed in Philadelphia on 21 Oct. He was joined by his brothers, the Duke de Montpensier and the Count de Beaujolais, and made a tour tlirough the United States, travelling through the New England states, exploring the great lakes and the valley of the Mississippi, and visiting Washington at Mount Vernon in 1797. They set out for Spain after their mother was released and took up her residence at Madrid, but were detained by the Spanish authori- ties at Havana, and compelled to sail for the United States. He returned with his brothers to Europe in 1800, attempted to stir up insurrections in Spain, and resided in Twickenham, near London, until he was permitted to return to France in 1817. He was a leader of the revolution of July, 1830, was elected king of the French, and reigned until he was compelled to abdicate in favor of his grandson, the Count of Paris, in consequence of the revolu- tion of February, 1848.— His son, Francois Fer- dinand Philippe Louis Marie, Prince de Join- ville, b. in Neuilly, 14 Aug., 1818, entered tlie navy when very young, was commissioned as 1st lieu- tenant (18*86) to the Mediterranean squadron under Admiral Hugon, and landed (1837) at Bona to join his brother, the Duke of Nemours, in his attack on Constantine, but arrived after the city had already fallen. He was intrusted with the mission of ob- taining reparation from the government of Mexico, and assisted, as commander on board the frigate " La Creole," at the bombardment of San Juan de Ulua (37 Nov., 1888), and a few days afterward, at the head of a landing force of sailors, he forced the gates of Vera Cruz, and, despite a galling fire, took with his own hand the Mexican general Arista. For his brilliant conduct on this occasion he was rewarded with the cross of the Legion of honor and the rank of full captain. Tn 1840 he received the command of the ships commissioned to transport the remains of Napoleon L from St. Helena to France. In 1843 he married in Brazil the Princess Francesca da Bragan§a, sister of the Emperor Pedro IL, and was appointed (1844) rear- admiral and a member of the council of admiralty. He commanded in 1845 the French fleet operating against Morocco, bombarded (6 Aug.) Tangiers, took Mogador (15 Aug.), and was raised to the rank of vice-admiral. At the outbreak of the revo- lution (1848) he, together with his brother, the Duke of Nemours, was still serving in Algiers, but then resigned his command, and retired to England to join his exiled father and family. At the beginning of the war of secession he came to the United States (in 1861). and, leaving his son, the Duke of Penthievre, in the naval academy of Annapolis, with his two nephews, the Count of Paris and the Duke of Chartres, joined the staff of Gen. McClellan and took an active part in the Chicka- hominy campaign, returning to England in 1862. He has contributed to the " Revue des deux mondes " many articles, some of which have been reprinted in pamphlet -form. Among these are " Notes sur I'etat des forces navales de la France " (1844) ; " Etude sur I'escadre de la Mediterranee " (1852) ; " La guerre de la Chine " (1857) ; and " La giierre d'Amerique, campagne du Potomac " (1868). One of his articles, published in 1865, is a study of the fleet of the United States as compared with that of France. To him also is attributed an article on the battle of Sadowa, published (1868) under the signature of Louis Buloz in the " Revue des deux mondes," the conclusions of which were directed against the new military law. After the fall of the empire he returned to France, was elected in 1871 to the national assembly, and remained there till the decree of expulsion, when he accompanied the other princes to England. — Louis Philippe's grandson, Louis Albert Philippe, Count of Paris, son of the Due d'Orleans, b. in Paris, 24 Aug.. 1838 ; d. in London, 8 Sept., 1894, was educated by his mother, daughter of the grand duke of Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, at Claremont, Eng- land. In the au- tumn of 1861 he and his brother, the Duke of Char- tres, accompanied their uncle, the Prince de Join- ville, to the Unit- ed States. At the invitation of Gen. George B. McClellan, the young princes en- tered the military service of the United States, and were attached to his statf, with the rank of cap- tains in the volun- teer army. They

stipulated that

they should receive no pay, and should be free to resign their commissions whenever they desired. They served on Gen. McClellan's staff till the close of the Virginia campaign and the retreat of the Army of the Potomac in June, 1862, when they returned to Europe. While in the field they frequently volunteered on detached expeditions. At Gaines's Mills they displayed courage and zeal in conveying despatches, and in eiforts to reform the line of battle. After the establishment of a republic in France he resided in Paris, and on the death of the Count of Chambord in 1883 he was acknowledged by the great majority of the Legitimists as the heir" to the throne of the Bourbons. In 1886 the expulsion bill drove him again into exile, and he returned to England to reside. He was the author, besides a book on "Trade Unions in England " (1869), of an uncompleted work, entitled "Histoire de la guerre civile en Amerique " (8 vols., Paris, 1874-'87). A translation by Louis F. Tasistro, the first three volumes of which were edited by Henry Coppee and the fourth by Col. John P. Nicholson, has been published under the title of "History of the Civil War in America" (Philadelphia. 1875-88). — Robert Philippe Louis Eugene Ferdinand, Duke of Chartres, soldier, brother of the Count of Paris, b. in Paris, France, 9 Nov., 1840, was brought up by his mother in Eisenach, Germany, and in England, studied in