phlets, she has published “Public Relief and Private Charity” (New York, 1884). — Charles Russell's younger brother, James Jackson, was graduated at Harvard in 1858, entered the National service, and was mortally wounded at Glendale, 30 June, 1862. See “The Purchase by Blood,” a tribute to his memory, by Rev. Cyrus A. Bartol, D. D. (Boston, 1864), and an address at his funeral by George Putnam (Cambridge, 1864). — The second John's grandson, John, jurist, b. in Boston, Mass., 18 Oct., 1824, was graduated at Harvard in 1843, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and practised in Boston till 11 March, 1865, when he was appointed U. S. judge for the district of Massachusetts. On 18 Dec., 1878, he was appointed judge of the U. S. circuit court, and held that office till 1 May, 1884, when he resigned. His decisions have been published in two volumes (Boston, 1872-'7), and he has written especially on the subject of bankruptcy. — Francis Cabot's grandson, Edward Jackson, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 18 Oct., 1845; d. there, 11 May, 1894. was graduated at Harvard, and then spent several years abroad. He practised law for some time in Boston, but later devoted himself exclusively to literary pursuits. He was the author of “The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War” (New York, 1884), which has taken rank as an exhaustive authority on the subject of which it treats. He also contributed many articles to reviews and magazines, and was the author of the chapter in Winsor's “Narrative and Critical History of America” (Boston, 1884) on “The Diplomacy and Finance of the Revolution.”
LOWENTHAL, John Jacob, chess-player, b.
in Buda-Pesth, Hungary, in July, 1810. About
1841 he became. known as one of the best analytical
chess-players in Europe. In 1849 he left Hungary
for political reasons and came to the United States,
arriving in New York city on 29 Dee. There he
remained until the following March, when he went
to Lexington, Ky. During his sojourn in New
York he met all the strongest players of the city,
and won a large majority of the games that he
played from all except Charles H. Stanley, with
whom he made even games. Wliile in Lexington
he encountered Mr. Dudley, the strongest western
player of the day, and defeated him in three set
matches. On 10 April, 1850, he left Lexington
for Cincinnati, stopping on the way at Frankfort
and Louisville, at both of which places he met and
defeated the chief players. He arrived at Cincin-
nati on 16 April, and left on 10 May for New
Orleans. On 27 May he met Paul Morphy, who
was then not yet thirteen years of age, and of this
meeting Mr. Lowenthal himself says : " I do not
remember whether we played in all two or three
games ; one was drawn, the other or others I lost."
In June, Lowenthal returned to Cincinnati, and,
with the assistance of friends, established a chess
divan in connection with the chess club there.
Early in 1851 he left Cincinnati to take part in the
chess tournament in London, intending to return,
but never revisited this country. He was after-
ward editor of the chess department of several Lon-
don journals, conducted the " Chess-Players' Maga-
zine "in 1865-7, and wrote several books on the
subject. In 1852 he was elected secretary of the
St. George's, and in 1857 president of the St. "James's,
chess club. In 1867-'9 he published " Transactions
of the British Chess Association," and while in the
United States he contributed to the " Book of the
First American Chess Congress " (New York, 1859).
LOWNDES, Charles, naval officer, b. in Mary-
land in 1798 ; d. in Easton, Md., 14 Dec, 1885.
He entered the U. S. navy as midshipman in
March, 1815, was promoted lieutenant, 13 Jan.,
1825, commander, 8 Sept., 1841, captain, 14 Sept.,
1855, and was placed on the retired list, 21 Dec,
, being commissioned commodore, 16 July,
. In 1860-'l he was in command of the steam-
sloop " Hartford," and he served as a prize com-
missioner in 1864^'5. He was a brother-in-law of
Franklin Buchanan, and was suspected of sympa-
thizing with the Confederates, which may explain
his being placed on the retired list at the compara-
tively early age of sixty-three.
LOWNDES, Rawlins, statesman, b. in the
British West Indies in 1722 ; d. in Charleston, S. C,
24 Aug., 1800. His parents having removed to
Charleston when he was very young, he was edu-
cated there, studied law, and took a high rank in
his profession. In 1766 he was appointed by the
crown associate judge. Within the succeeding
three months he delivered the opinion of the ma-
jority of the court, which was contrary to that of
the chief justice, in favor of the legality of public
proceedings without the employment of stamped
paper, waiving all consideration of the stamp-act
as a constitutional measure, and only arguing from
the common law with reference to the necessities
of the case. In 1768 he moved a resolution, which
was passed in the South Carolina assembly, for the
erection in Charleston of a statue of William Pitt,
in acknowledgment of that statesman's services to
the colonies and the British constitution. In 1775
he was elected a member of the council of safety
and of the committee that was appointed under it.
In 1776 he was one of a committee of eleven in-
structed to draft a constitution for the province,
and subsequently a member of the legislative coun-
cil created by the constitution. In 1778 he was
chosen president of the province, and gave his offi-
cial assent to the new constitution. Savannah was
soon captured by the British forces, Georgia suc-
cumbed, and South Carolina was threatened. Mr.
Lowndes made a vigoi'ous resistance, but, having
fewer than 10,000 men in the field, he was unable
to oppose overwhelming forces by sea and land.
Charleston shared the fate of Savannah, and
Lowndes was captured. He was subsequently a
member of the South Carolina assembly when the
LT. S. constitution was submitted to the states for
adoption. He strenuously opposed it, objecting to
the restrictions it placed on the slave-trade, which
he declared to be the great source of the strength
and prosperity of the south ; to the clause giying
power to congress to regulate commerce; and to
the centralization of power in the Federal govern-
ment, protesting that it would reduce the states to
the condition of mere corporations and give a dan-
gerous superiority to the north. The earnestness
of his antagonism may be inferred from the closing
sentence of one of his speeches : " I wish for no
other epitaph than this : ' Here lies one who op-
posed the Federal constitution, holding it to be
fatal to the liberties of his country.' " — His son.
Thomas, merchant, b. in Charleston, S. C. in
1765; d. there, 8 July, 1843, received an academi-
cal education, engaged in commercial pursuits, and
became one of the chief merchants of his native
city. He was chosen a member of the 7th and 8th
congresses, and served from 7 Dec, 1801, till 3
March, 1805. — Another son, William Jones,
statesman, b. in Charleston, S. C, 7 Feb., 1782; d.
at sea, 22 Nov., 1822, was taken to England when
he was seven years of age, and sent for three years
to an English grammar-school. On his return to
Charleston he was graduated at Charleston college,
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1804,
