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department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1828, practised as a surgeon in Philadelphia, and in 1881 began to teach classes in practical anatomy and surgery. He was chosen one of the physicians of the Blockley hospital in 1884, soon afterward was made head physician of the children's hospital connected with it, and from 1838 till 1845 was one of the visiting surgeons. In 1888 he was elected professor of surgery in Jefferson medical college, and in 1847 was transferred to the chair of anatomy, which he filled till 1874, when he was succeeded by his son, William H. Pancoast. From 1854 till 186*4 he was one of the surgeons to the Pennsylvania hospital. Dr. Pancoast was the originator of an operation for soft cataract with a fine needle, bent near the point. He devised many new operations in plastic surgery, among them the formation of a nose by means of the plough and groove or plastic suture, introduced in 1841 ; a substitute for the eyebrow, formed from a flap of the scalp ; the introduction of a catheter for empyema into the pleura by raising a flap of the integuments over the ribs ; turning down flaps from the skin of the abdomen for the relief of extrophy of the bladder, which was first performed by him in 1868 ; and the raising of a flap over the coronoid process, and the removal of that process and part of the lower jaw in order to divide the trunks of the nerves that cause pain in facial neuralgia. He discovered that in some cases of strabismus the internal oblique muscle must be cut. He has restored the voice by dividing the muscles of the soft palate that have become contracted from ulceration. He also de- vised an abdominal tourniquet, which he first used in 1860, for compressing the aorta, and thus pre- venting death from loss of blood in amputation at the hip-joint or upper thigh. He was a member of the American philosophical society, and of various medical and scientific associations. Besides numer- ous contributions to the " American Journal of the Medical Sciences," the "American Medical Intelligencer," and the " Medical Examiner," essays and introductory lectures to his classes, of which the most notable was " Professional Glimpses Abroad," and various pathological and surgical monographs and reports of new operations, he published a trans- lation from the Latin of J. Frederick Lobstein's " Treatise on the Structure, Functions, and Dis- eases of the Human Sympathetic Nerve " (Pliila- delphia, 1881) ; " Treatise on Operative Surgery, including Descriptions of all the New Operations," his greatest work (1844; revised ed., 1852); and " A System of Anatomy for the Use of Students," based on the work of Casper Wistar (1844). He edited " Manee on the Great Sympathetic Nerve " ; the " Cerebro-Spinal Axis of Man," by the same author (1841) ; and " Quain's Anatomical Plates " (1852). — His son, William Henry, surgeon, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 Oct., 1835 ; d. there, 5 Jan., 1897, was graduated at the Jefferson medical col- lege, studied in London, Paris, and Vienna, and on his return established himself in practice in Phila- delphia, and acquired a high reputation as a bold. rapid, and skilful operative surgeon, conservative in treatment and seldom mistaken in diagnosis. During the civil war he served as a surgeon in the army. In 1874 he succeeded his father as professor in Jefferson medical college. In 1884 he secured the bodies of the Siamese twins, and proved that the band could not have been safely cut except in their childhood. He became professor of the Phila- delphia medico-chirurgical college in 1886.

PANCOAST, Seth, physician, b. in Darby, Pa., 28 July, 1823 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 Dec, 1889. His ancestor in 1682 came to this country with William Penn. He received a classical education,, engaged in business in 1843, and afterward studied medicine, being graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1852. He became professor of anatomy in Philadelphia female college in 1853> and the following year was called to a chair in Pennsylvania medical college. When, five years later, his private practice compelled his resignation, he was made emeritus professor, and so remained until the close of the college in 1862. In 1877 he wrote " The Cabala," the first book on the subject in the English language, in which are explained the ten " sepheroths," which are the basis of the Cabala. In 1875 Dr. Pancoast calculated the re- turn of the seventh cycle of Trithemius in 1878, announcing that if the calculation were correct there would be a revival in theosophy and other occult studies, v/hieh has since occurred. His work was merely a prelude to a much larger one, which is now (1888) approaching completion. The- formulation of the latter required twenty years' search and selection through ancient works in Eu- ropean libraries. Dr. Pancoast had the finest pri- vate collection of works on the occult sciences in the United States. His other books include " Con- sumption " (Philadelphia, 1855) ; " Ladies' Medical Guide" (1858); " Bovhood's Perils" (1860); and " Bright's Disease " (1882).

PANET, Charles Eugene, Canadian lawyer, b. in the city of Quebec, 17 Nov., 1830. His father, Philip, was a judge of the court of Queen's bench, Quebec. Charles was educated in the Quebec seminary, and at the Jesuit college of Georgetown, D. C, studied law. and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He began practice in Quebec, and also took an interest in military matters, organizing and commanding for many years the Voltigeurs de Quebec, from which he retired in April, 1880, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He is a member of the Dominion rifle association, and vice-president of the Dominion artillery association. During the Fenian troubles of 1868 he held command of the 7th military district. On 2 March, 1874, he be- came a member of the Dominion senate, but re- signed, 5 Feb., 1875, when he was appointed deputy minister of militia and defence.

PAPINEAU, Lonis Joseph, Canadian agitator, b. in Montreal, 7 Oct., 1786; d. in Montebello, Quebee,23 Sept., 1871. His father, a Mon- treal notary, was long a member of the legis- lative assembly of Lower Canada. The son was educated at the Seminary of Que- bec, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. While yet a student he was, in 1809, elected a member of the legis- lative assembly for the county of Kent (now Chambly), and in 1811 succeeded his father as a member for one of the districts of Montreal, which he continuously rep- resented for twenty

years. In his early

parliamentary career he ably supported the legislature in its opposition to executive control of the revenue, and was soon recognized as the leader