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in Minas Geraes, 11 Jan.. 1801 ; cl. in Rio Janeiro, 3 Sept., 1856. He received his preparatory educa- tion in Minas Geraes, and was graduated in law at tlie University of Coimbra in 1825. He entered the magistracy, and in 1829 became chief judge of the court of appeals of Pernambuco. Entering parliament in 1830, Leao allied himself to the Lib- eral party, and in 1831 was one of the deputies that protested against the policy of the emperor. After the abdication of Pedro I. he had much influ- ence in the councils of the moderate Liberal party, and in 1832 he brought about the resignation of the ministry and the regency. In 1840 he opposed the declaration of the majority of Pedro IL In 1841 the Conservative party was again called to power, but the emperor chose Leao senator from the list that was offered by the province of Minas Geraes in 1842. When the Liberal revolts broke out in S. Paulo and Minas Geraes. Leao, who was president of Rio Janeiro, rendered important ser- vices to the cause of order. He was minister of foreign relations in 1843, in 1849 president of Pernambuco. and in 1851 envoy to the Argentine Republic. In 1853 he was called to form a minis- try, and for three years he was at its head, but his health was undermined by over-work in his con- tinued struggle against the Conservative party, and he fell sick suddenly in the department of state and died soon afterward. In 1852 he had been created Viscount, and in 1854 Marquis of Parana.

PARANAGUA, Francisco Villela Barbosa (pah-rah-nah-gwah'). Marquis of, Brazilian statesman, b. in Rio Janeiro, 20 Nov., 1769 ; d. there, 11 Sept., 1846. He was graduated in mathematics at the University of Coimbra in 1796, entered the royal navy at Lisbon in 1797, and served for four years, participating in the siege of Tunis and in the capture of Algerian pirates in the Mediter- ranean. He was appointed in 1801 assistant pro- fessor of the Royal naval academy, but asked to be transferred to the engineer corps, which he entered with the rank of lieutenant, and was for some time an assistant professor of astronomy and navigation, and afterward professor of geometry. He returned to Brazil in 1823, and when the success of the Portuguese revolution of 1820 was followed by the meeting of the constituent assembly he was ap- pointed a member of that body. After the inde- pendence of Brazil was declared, Barbosa was appointed minister of the navy in December, 1829, but he became unpopular and resigned in 1831. In 1840 he was president of the senate, and exerted all his influence to declai-e Pedro II. of age, and from 1841 till 1843 he held again the portfolio of the navy. He wrote " Elementos de Geometria " (Lisbon, 1815) ; " Um pequenho tratado sobre Geometria Spherica " (1817) ; and an essay, " Sobre a Correc9ao das Derrotas da Estima," which was awarded a prize and published by the Royal geo- graphical society of Lisbon (1818). He wrote also many poetical compositions, including odes, son- nets, and cantatas, which circulated among his friends and gained him some reputation as a poet.

PARDEE, Ario, philanthropist, b. in Nassau, N. Y., 15 Nov., 1810; d. on Indian river, Fla., 26 March, 1892. As a youth he turned his attention to engineering. His first work being on the con- struction of the Delaware and Raritan canal in New Jersey, during 1830-3, after which he went to Pennsylvania, and had charge of an engineering corps, running the line for the Beaver Meadow railroad. In 1836 he began the Hazleton railroad, and settling there in 1840 opened coal-mines which, being located in the mammoth vein of the anthra- cite field, proved exceedingly valuable. In 1848 he built a gravity railroad to Penn Haven, a distance of fourteen miles, as an outlet for the product of these mines, but in 1854 the Lehigh Valley railroad was opened, which, with its improved facilities, caused the abandonment of the old road in 1860. Subsequently he became interested in iron manu- facture, and he is now (1888) owner of blast-fur- naces at various localities in New York, New Jer- sey, Virginia, and Tennessee, At the beginning of the civil war in 1861 he fitted out a military com- pany for the National service at his own expense, with which his eldest son, Ario Pardee, Jr,, served and attained the brevet rank of brigadier-general on 12 Jan., 1865. Mr. Pardee became interested in Lafayette college in 1864, and through the influ- ence of William C. Caftell, then president of the college, he gave $20,000 for the endowment of a professorship. At that time this amount was the largest sum that had been given by one person to any educational institution in Pennsylvania. He soon increased his gift until in 1869 it amounted, to $200,000, and upon this basis was first estab-- lished a new curriculum of scientific and technical studies. A new building being needed, Mr. Par- dee for this purpose made a further gift of $250,- 000, to which he afterward added $50,000 for its scientific equipment, thus increasing his donations to $500,000.

The building, shown in the accompanying illustration, was erected and called Pardee Hall in his honor. It was regarded when finished as " the largest and most complete scientific college building in the United States," and was formally dedicated in October, 1873. It was burned in 1879, but has been rebuilt. ]Mr. Pardee was a director of several railroads, including the Lehigh Valley road, and, besides being an active officer in various charitable organizations, was president of the state board that has the oversight and control of the second geological survey of Pennsylvania. He was a presidential elector in 1876, and since 1882 had been president of the board of trustees of Lafayette college.

PARDO, Manviel, president of Peru, b. in Lima in 1834; d. there, 16 Nov., 1878. In his youth his father emigrated for political reasons to Chili, and young Pardo received his education in Santiago and Europe, applying himself specially to the study of administrative law and political economy. At the age of nineteen he was appointed by the government of Gen. Jose Rufino Echenique chief clerk of the bureau of statistics, and in 1858 he was elected a member of the board of charities, where he rendered great service. He afterward engaged in agricultural pursuits, and in 1862 founded the first bank in Lima. He was called in December, 1865, by the new president, Mariano Prado {q. v.). to take the portfolio of the treasury, occupied that place till the end of 1866, becoming popular by his able and honest administration of