war, and as such repeatedly visited the eastern and western armies, publishing several pamphlet reports. In 1886 he went, on behalf of the freed- men, to Europe, where, and in the Orient, he re- mained nearly a year. Pie received tiie degree of D. D. from Asbury (now De Pauw) university. Ind.. in 1864, and that of LL. D. from the University of the citv of New York in 1882. He was the author of " The Young Man " (Hartford, 1847 ; repub- lished as " The Young Man's Friend." Auburn. N". Y., 1850) ; Conscience and Law " (New York, 1850) ; " Slavery and Infidelity " (Cincinnati, 1856) : " Spiritual Victory " (Boston, 1874) ; and '• Prayer and its Remarkable Answers " (Chicago. 1875).
PAUL, Frederick William, Duke of Wiirtem-
berg, German naturalist, b. in Carlsruhe, Silesia,
25 June, 1797; d. in Mergentheim, 24 Nov., 1860.
He showed a fondness for mathematics and the
natural sciences at an early age, and in 1822 made
a scientific journey through the United States. He
returned to Europe in 1824. and travelled much in
the southern countries of the continent. In 1828
he married a princess of the house of Thurm and
Taxis, but the marriage was not happy, and the
duke separated from his wife in 1829 and embarked
for the United States. He spent the next two
years in exploring North America, Hayti, and
Mexico, afterward went to Egypt, and spent a
large part of the rest of his life in Africa, Asia, and
the islands of the Pacific. His castle of Mergent-
heim, the ancient residence of the grand-masters
of the Teutonic order, was filled with collections of
natural history, and contained specimens that were
not found in any of the great official cabinets of
Europe. In North America he had become inti-
mate with many Indian chiefs, and they supplied
him, in exchange for his presents, with ornaments
and other interesting articles that were in use
among the tribes. The duke was the head of the
Catholic branch of the hoi;se of Wlirtemberg. Ex-
tracts from his travels appeared in the " Ausland."
the Stuttgart journals of medicine and the natural
sciences, and elsewhere.
PAUL, Gabriel Rene, soldier, b. in St. Louis,
Mo., 22 March. 1813 ; d. in Washington. D. C, 5
May. 1886. He was graduated at the U. S. military
academy in 1834, made 1st lieutenant in the 7th
infantry, 26 Oct., 1836, and served in the Florida
war in 1839-'42, surpi'ising a camp of Seminole
Indians near Tampa bay in the latter year. He
was commissioned captain, 19 April, 1846, took
part in the Mexican war, was wounded at the bat-
tle of Cerro Crordo, and brevetted major for gallant
conduct at Chapultepec, where he led the storming
party that captured the enemy's flag. The follow-
ing year he was presented with a sword by the
citizens of St. Louis, Mo., for his services in Mexico.
In an expedition to Rio Grande river. Texas, in 1852,
he took part in the capture of a band of desperadoes,
and on 2 Oct., 1858, he surprised and took a camp
of hostile Indians on Spanish Fork, LTtah. Later
he was promoted major of the 8th infantry, became
colonel of the 4th New Mexico volunteers, and did
good service in keeping the Confederates out of
that territory. He was acting inspector-general of
the Department of New Mexico till December,
1861, subsequently in command of the southern
military district, and on 13 April, 1862. engaged in
a skirmish with the enemy at Peralta. He was
made lieutenant-colonel on 25 April, brigadier-
general of volunteers, 18 April, 1863, and colonel,
13 Sept., 1864. He was present at Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, in which latter
engagement he was deprived of the sight of both
eyes by a rifle-ball. In the following November he
was presented by the 29th New Jersey volunteers
with a jewelled sword for his services in that battle.
Gen. Paul was on sick-leave until 16 Feb., 1865.
served as deputy-governor of the Soldiers' home
near Washington, D. C. till 13 June of that year,
and was in charge of the militarv asvlura at
Harrodsburg. Ky., till 20 Dec, 1866. " He" was re-
tired from active service. 16 Feb., 1865. on account
of his blindness, and on the 23d of the same month
he was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, for
gallant conduct at the battle of Gettysburg. On
12 April, 1870, congress granted him the pay and
allowances attaching to the full rank of brigadier-
general. On 10 Dec. 1886, a monument erected
to the memory of Gen. Paul in the Arlington.
Va.. cemetery, by his comrades of the Grand army
of the republic, was dedicated with appropriate
ceremonies. — His son, Augustus Cliouteau, sol-
dier, b. in Albany, N. Y., 16 April, 1842, was
a cadet at the Kentucky military institute in
1861. In May, under the call for three months'
troops, he enlisted and was made captain of Ken-
tucky mounted infantry. He was mustered out in
the following August, but entered the army again
as captain in the 23d Kentucky volunteers, his
commission bearing date 2 Jan., 1862. He took
part with his regiment in the campaigns of the
Armies of the Ohio and the Cumberland until 1
June, 1863, when he was appointed assistant adju-
tant-general of volunteers. In this capacity he
served with the Army of the Potomac on the staffs
of Gen. Henry Baxter and Gen. Andrew A. Hum-
phreys, and on that of Byron R. Pierce. During
this period Col. Paul took part in the battles of the
Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court-House, etc., was
captured by the enemy, spent eleven months in
Confederate pi-isons, and was among those officers
that were placed by the Confederates under the fire
of National guns at Charleston, S. C. He was
brevetted major for gallantry in the Wilderness,
and lieutenant-colonel for meritorious conduct at
Spottsvlvania Court-House. He was mustered out,
19 Sept., 1865. On 11 May, 1866, he was appointed
2d lieutenant in the regular army, but declined.
He subsequently accepted the same rank in the 3d
cavalry, and was promoted 1st lieutenant, 20 Dec,
1872. During the next twelve years Col. Paul saw
arduous service on the western frontier. In May.
1881, his health became so impaired that he re-
signed his commission.
PAUL. Henry Martyn, astronomer, b. in Dor-
chester (now Hyde Park). Mass., 25 June, 1851.
He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1873, and as a
civil engineer at the Thayer school in 1875. In
the latter year he was appointed assistant astrono-
mer in the U. S. naval observatory, Washington,
D. C, where he remained until 1880, meanwhile
serving with the expeditions that were sent to ob-
serve the transit of Mercury in May, 1878, and
the solar eclipse of July. 1878.' During 1880-3 he
was professor of astronomy in the University of
Tokio. Japan, after which he returned to his post in
Washington. Prof. Paul is a member of various
scientific societies, and is the author of astronomi-
cal monographs that have been published as ap-
pendices to the annual volumes of the " Observa-
tions " of the U. S. naval observatory.
PAUL. Howard, actor, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 Nov.. 1835. In 1850 he went to England, and after essaying journalism he brought out, in conjunction with .John Leech, who furnished the drawings, a serial entitled " Dashes of American Humor, or Yankee Stories " (London ; New York, 1853). This work attained immediate popularity, both in England and the United States. He then
