deputy governor in 1634. but. havins: been defeat- ed by John Haynes in his contest for the governor- ship, he removed with a Massachusetts colony to Windsor, Conn., where for many years he field public offices, and was probably the first lawyer that practised in the state. In January. 1639, he was a member of the Connecticut constitutional convention, and is believed to have drafted that document. In August of this year he was sent by the general court as an adviser of the Connecti- cut forces in the second expedition of the Pequot war, accompanying John Mason's command. Since April of this year he had been deputy governor of Connecticut, lout on the election as governor of his old adversary, John Haynes, whom he described as his " evil genius." he left Windsor and founded the town of Fairfield. Here he occupied each im- portant public office, was several times a commis- sioner to the New England congress, and in 1646 was appointed by the general court to prepare a revision of the law of Connecticut, which was af- terward published (Cambridge, 1672). The situa- tion of Fairfield particularly interested Ludlow in the protection of the frontier against the Dutch and Indians, and with other New England com- missioners, in consequence of an alleged plot of the Dutch, he voted in 1653 to make war against them, but Massachusetts refused to concur. The Manhadoes also threatened Fairfield, and the citi- zens then declared war, appointing Ludlow com- mander-in-chief : but the general court of New Haven discountenanced the project, and punished his officers for attempting an insurrection and for raising volunteers. Ludlow, in consequence of this reflection on his patriotism, became incensed against the government, declared that he would no longer live under its jurisdiction, and in April, 1654, embarked with his family for Virginia, carry- ing all the town-records with him. The remainder of his life was passed in obscurity, and the place and time of his death are unknown. He was the brother-in-law of John Endicott. Ludlow, al- though ambitious and of a morbid and suspi- cious temper, was one of the most learned and gifted of the early colonists, and rendered to Con- necticut important public service.
LUDWICK, Christopher, philanthropist, b. in
Germany in 1720 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1801.
He was a baker by trade, but in early life enlisted
in the Austrian army and served in the war against
the Turks. He endured the hardships of the seven-
teen weeks' siege in Prague, and, on its capture by
the French and Bavarians in 1741, he entered the
Prussian army. When peace was declared he be-
came a sailor, and between 1745 and 1752 he made
many voyages. In 1753 he sailed for Philadelphia,
taking with him £25 worth of clothing. Making
£60 by this venture, he returned to London, but in
the following year became a gingerbread-baker and
confectioner in Philadelphia. In this occupation
he amassed a fortune, and at the beginning of the
Revolution he gave his money freely to aid the
patriot cause. On one occasion, when it had been
proposed by Gen. Thomas Mifflin to purchase fire-
arms by private subscription, which caused dissent,
Ludwick silenced opposition by saying, " Let the
poor gingerbread-baker be put down for £200 ! "
In the summer of 1776 he enlisted as a volunteer,
and was of no little service in persuading his Hes-
sian fellow-countrymen to desert from the British
ranks and become residents of Philadelphia. In
1777 he was appointed by congress baker-general
to the American army. It was stipulated that he
should return one pound of bread for every pound
of flour delivered to him, but he at once "replied,
" Not so ; I must not be enriched by the war. 1
shall return one hundred and thirty-five pounds of
bread for every one hundred pounds of flour." He
was often invited to dine at Washington's large
dinner-parties, and frequently consulted with him
in relation to the bread-supplies of the army. The
comraandei'-in-chief usually addressed him "in com-
pany as " My honest friend," and in 1785 gave him
a certificate of good conduct in his own handwrit-
ing. He delighted to discover objects of charity
and relieve their wants. During the yellow-fever
epidemic in Philadelphia in 1793, he" worked at
bread-baking gratuitously to aid in relieving the
wants of the destitute. At his death he divided
his fortune among charities, and left a special fund
for the education of poor children.
LITERS. John Henry, R. C bishop, b. near
Mvinster, Westphalia, 29 Sept., 1819 ; d. in Cleve-
land, Ohio, 29 June, 1871. His childhood was spent
in great poverty, to escape which he came with his
parents to the United States in 1833. His family
settled on a farm at Piqua, Ohio, and John became
clerk in a store. He showed a tendency to lead a
wild life, and became neglectful of religion for a
time, but in 1835 he experienced a complete change.
An accidental meeting with Archbishop Purcell
decided him to become a priest, and, after study-
ing by himself and in the Seminary of St. Francis
Xavier, Ohio, he was ordained on 11 Nov., 1846, and
appointed pastor of St. Joseph's church, Cincinnati.
He completed the church, freed the parish from
debt, and built several schools. In 1857 the dio-
cese of Fort Wayne was created, comprising the
northern part of Indiana, and Father Luers was
selected as its first bishop, and consecrated by Arch-
bishop Purcell, 10 Jan., 1858. The new diocese
comprised about 20,000 Roman Catholics and four-
teen priests. There were twenty churches which
were not able to accommodate half their congre-
gations, while many places had neither churches
nor priests. Bishoji Luers, under these circum-
stances, endeavored to make up by his own minis-
try for the want of priests. In two years he had
ordained eight and had also eight ecclesiastical
students in various seminaries, built the present
cathedral at Fort Wayne and many churches, and
HI 1863 he held a synod at the University of Notre
Dame, at which statutes were enacted that resulted
in the abolition of the system of lay trustees. He
visited Rome in 1864, where he obtained power to
separate the Sisters of the Holy Cross in the United
States from the mother-house in France, and to
draw up a new constitution and order for the
American branch. On his return he founded the
Academy of St. Ignatius at Fort Lafayette, and
introduced the above-named sisterhood, who have
charge of St. Mary's home in Jay county. In 1865
he purchased land in the suburbs of Fort Wayne,
and afterward at Rensselaer, and in 1868 erected
there an asylum for soldiers' orphans. He also es-
tablished the Catholic clerical benevolent associa-
tion for pensioning aged priests. Bishop Luers
attended the provincial councils of Cincinnati, and
was present at the plenary council of Baltimore in
1866. At his death thei-e were sixty-nine priests,
ninety-one churches, and six religious institutions
in his diocese, besides a hospital, a college, and an
orphan asylum, while the Roman Catholic popula-
tion exceeded 50,000.
LUGO, Bernardo de (loo-go), Spanish missionary, b. in Lugo, Spain, late in the 16th century; d. in Santa Fe, New Mexico. He became a Dominican monk, was sent by his superiors to Spanish America, and devoted his life to missionary work among the Indians. He learned the Ian-
