pected that Rosas caused their death. He now re- mained undisputed chief of his party, and turned his munition against the Centralization party, or Unitarians, whom he persecuted cruelly. When Oribe's government fell there, in October, 1838, and President Rivera favored the Argentine refugees, Rosas declared war against him, and in July, 1839, invaded the territory of that republic with 7.000 men. Although his army was at first defeated, and Gen. Lavalle invaded the Argentine at the head of an army, Rosas organized a force the command of which he gave to Gen. Oribe, and began a war against the Unitarian chiefs of the interior, and a price was set on their heads. A law was promul- gated that every one, male and female, should use a red ribbon as the badge of the Federal party, and all political documents were headed with the words " Long live the holy federation : death to the savage Unitarians." In January. 1843, Gen. Oribe, at the head of an Argentine army of 14,000 men, invaded the republic of Uruguay again, and the siege of Montevideo, which lasted for nearly nine years, began. France and England interfered, and the blockade of Buenos Ayres began on 18 Si-pt.. Is4">. but Rosas resisted the demands of the allies until, in November, 1849. a treaty favorable to the dictator was signed. This treaty left the naviga- tion of La Plata, Uruguay, and upper Parana rivers entirely in the hands of the province of Bue- nos Ayres, excluding even the interior provinces, and this caused general dissatisfaction, especially in the river provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes. The governor of the former, Gen. Urquiza, pub- lished a manifesto on 1 May, 1851, inviting all the provinces to throw off the yoke of the dictator, and on 29 May he concluded an offensive and defensive alliance with Brazil and Uruguay. Assisted by the money and army of Brazil, he marched against Ko-as's army in Uruguay, and after he had de- feated Oribe the troops of the latter joined him. Re-enforced in this manner, and assisted by the Brazilian fleet, he marched with 30,000 men against Buenos Ayres. Rosas, with an army of about equal force, was intrenched at Palermo and Santos Lugares, but at the first attack of Urquiza his troops wavered. They were defeated. 3 Feb., 1852, at Monte Caseros, and Rosas escaped on board a foreign vessel to England, where he afterward lived in retirement. In 1859 the Argentine con- gress ordered proceedings to be instituted against him. and on 17 April, 1861, sentence was pro- nounced, condemning him to death as a " pro- IVs-ional murderer and famous robber." In this trial 2,034 assassinations, by his personal orders, were proved against him, while the historian, Jose Rivera Indarte (q. v.), gives a detailed account of 22.405 victims of Rosas's policy.
ROSATI, Joseph. R, C. bishop, b. in Sora, Italy,
12 Jan., 1789 ; d. in Rome, 25 Sept., 1843. He be-
came a member of the Lazarist order, and studied
philosophy and theology in their seminary of Monte
Citorio, Rome. He devoted himself with great
zeal to the spiritual improvement of the prisoners
in the city, and at the same time became noted as
a pulpit orator. He gave his leisure to the study
of the English language, and when Bishop Dubourg,
of New Orleans, invited him to come to the United
States, he accepted without hesitation, and landed in
Baltimore on 23 July, 1816. After spending nearly
a year in Louisville, Ky., he went to St. Louis on 17
Oct., 1817, designing to found a Lazarist college,
but, after consultation with Bishop Dubourg, it was
decided to establish the institution in the Barrens,
Perry county. Mo. Here Father Rosati and his
brother Lazarists erected a rude building with their
own hands. It was ready to receive students in
181!), and he was appointed its first superior, at t ln<
same time filling the chairs of logic and theology.
From this beginning was developed St. Mary's
college and seminary at the Barrens, which after-
ward took high rank. He was madr Hiprriorof
the Lazarists in the United States in ls2(), and in
1823 rebuilt his seminary on a larger scale. The
same year he obtained a colony of Sisters of Loretto
to take charge of an academy and a home for In-
dian girls. In March, 1824, he was made coadjutor
of Bishop Dubourg, and in 1827 he was appointed
bishop of St. Louis, which had been erected the
previous year into an episcopal see. He was also
for some time administrator of the diocese of New
Orleans, and' retained the post of superior of the
Lazarist order up to 1830. He co-operated with
the Jesuits in founding St. Louis university and
the House of novices at Florissant, and intro'dm-rd
various sisterhoods. By his aid and patronage St.
Louis hospital, said to have been the first of its
kind in the United States, was established, and
he also built a fine cathedral, which he consecrated
in October, 1834. He attended the first four pro-
vincial councils of Baltimore, and exercised much
influence in their deliberations. Bishop Rosati was
very successful in making converts to his church.
In 1840 he sailed for Europe, and on his arrival in
Rome he was appointed apostolic delegate to Ilayti,
to settle a controversy that hail arisen between that
republic and the court of Rome, and also to bring
about a reorganization of the Haytian church. On
his return to Rome the pope expressed his approval
of the diplomacy of Bishop Rosati, who prepared
to sail for the United States from a French port,
but he fell sick in Paris, and was advised by his
physicians to go back to Rome, where he died
shortly after his arrival.
ROSBRUGH, John (rose'-bruh). clergyman, b.
in Scotland in 1714; d. in Trenton. N. J.,' 2 Jan.,
1777. He came to this country about 1740, and
after the death of his wife taught for some time
and then entered Princeton, where he was gradu-
ated in 1761. He studied theology under the Rev.
John Blair, and was licensed to preach on 16 Aug.,
1763. His first field of labor was in Warren county,
N. J., where in October, 1764, he was called to Mans-
field, Oxford, and Greenwich, and was ordained
at the latter place on 11 Dec. For five years
he remained with this parish, but in 1769 he was
transferred to the Forks of Delaware, Pa., where
he remained for the rest of his life. During the
Revolutionary war he joined with his neighbors in
the formation of a military company, and on reach-
ing Philadelphia was commissioned chaplain of the
3d battalion of the Northampton county militia.
He served during the campaign in New Jersey, and
was taken prisoner in Trenton by a party of Hes-
sians, who brutally murdered him. See " Ros-
brugh : A Tale of the Revolution," by the Rev.
John 0. Clyde. D. D. (Easton, Pa., 1880).
ROSCIO. Juan German (ros'-se-o), Venezuelan statesman, b. in Caracas in 1769; d. in Cucuta in 1821. He was graduated in law at the University of Caracas in 1795. joined the revolutionists in
1810, and was elected deputy to the congress of 1811, edited the manifesto of the confederation of Venezuela, assisted in forming the Federal constitution, and in 1812 was appointed a member of the Federal executive. On the surrender of Gen. Miranda to the Spanish general. Monteverde, Roscio and other members of the executive were sent as prisoners to Cadiz. In 1814 he and three others escaped, and took refuge in Gibraltar, but the governor delivered them up to the Spanish
