manager of the Zoological garden of aceliraatation iu IsijO-'o, was elected delegate of Martinique to the colonial committee in 1867-'70, and in 1875 be- came an associate member of the French academy of medicine. His works include " Etudes histo- riques et statistiqu.es sur la population de Saint Pierre de la Martinique" (St. Pierre, 1854): " Me- moire sur la maison des alienes de Saint Pierre de la Martinique " ( Aris, 1858) ; and " Enquete sur le Bothrops lanceole, ou vipere fer de lance, le ser- pent de la Martinique " (1860).
RUGENDAS, Johann Moritz, German artist,
b. in Augsburg, 29 March, 1802 ; d. in Weilheim,
Wiirtemberg, 29 May, 1858. He devoted himself
more particularly to illustrating with his pencil
the life and scenery of Mexico and South America,
where he travelled at various times between 1821
and 1847. The sketches that he made in Brazil
were lithographed and published with German
text (Paris, 1827-'35), and his portfolios of South
American sketches and studies were purchased by
the government at Munich. His oil-painting,
" Columbus taking Possession of the New World "
(1855), is in the New Pinakothek, Munich.
RUGER, Thomas Howard, soldier, b. in Lima,
Livingston co., N. Y., 2 April, 1833. He was
graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1854,
assigned to the engineer corps, and worked on
the defences of New Orleans, La., but resigned,
1 April, 1855, and from 1856 till the civil war
practised law in Janesville, Wis. He became lieu-
tenant-colonel of the 3d Wisconsin regiment, 29
June, 1861, and its colonel on 20 Aug., and com-
manded it in Maryland and the Shenandoah val-
ley till August, 1862, after which he was in the
northern Virginia and Maryland campaigns. He
was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers, Nov., 1862, led a brigade in the Rappahannock
campaigns, and commanded a division at Gettys-
burg. In the summer of 1863 he was in New
York city, where he aided in suppressing the
draft riots. He then guarded the Nashville and
Chattanooga railroad in Tennessee till April, 1864,
led a brigade in Sherman's advance into Georgia
till November, 1864, and with a division of the
23d corps took part in the campaign against
Gen. John B. Hood's army in Tennessee, receiv-
ing the brevet of major-general of volunteers,
Nov., 1864, for services at the battle of Frank-
lin. He then organized a division at Nashville, led it from February to June, 1865, in North Carolina, and then had charge of the depart- ment of that state till June, 1866, when he was mustered out. He accepted a colonelcy in the regular army, 28 July, 1866, and on 2 March, 1867, was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, for services at Gettysburg. From January till July, 1868, he was provisional governor of Georgia, and from 1871 till 1876 he was superintendent of the U. S. military academy. From the last year till 1878 he was in charge of the Department of the South, and in 1876 he commanded the troops dur- ing the trouble in South Carolina incident to the claims of rival state governments. (See CHAMBER- LAIN, D. H.) He then commanded posts in the south and west, and on 19 March, 1886, was promoted brigadier-general. After temporarily commanding the Department of the Missouri in April and May, 1886, he was placed in charge of that of Dakota, and later was in command of the Department of the East. He was retired in 1897.
RUGER. William Crawford, jurist, b. in
Bridgewater. N. Y., 30 Jan., 1824 ; d. in Syracuse,
14 Jan., 1892. He was educated at Bridgewater
academy, was admitted to the bar, and practised
in P.ridu'i'water and Syracuse. He was counsel for
the defendants in the "canal-ring" prosecutions
that were instituted by Gov. Samuel J. Tilden. He
was a member of the Democratic national conven-
tion in 1872, and twice a candidate for congress.
In 1876 he was president of the convention in
Albany at which the State bar association was
formed. In 1882 he was elected chief judge of the
New York court of appeals.
RUGGLES, Benjamin, senator, b. in Windham
county, Conn., in 1783; d. in St. Clairsville, Ohio,
2 Sept., 1857. He obtained the means for acquiring
a classical education by teaching during the
winters, studied law, and was admitted to the bar.
He removed to Marietta, Ohio, and subsequently
to St. Clairsville, and in 1810 became president
judge of the court of common pleas for the
third circuit. In 1815 he was chosen U.S. senator,
and he served until 1833, gaining by his habits of
industry the name of the “wheel-horse of the senate.”
In 1836 he was chosen a presidential elector
on the Whig ticket.
RUGGLES, Daniel, soldier, b. in Barre, Mass..
31 Jan.. 1810 ; d. in Fredericksburg, 1 June, 1897.
He was graduated at the U. S. military academy,
and served on frontier and recruiting duty till the
Mexican war, in which, after his promotion as cap-
tain, 18 June, 1846, he won the brevet of major
for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and
that of lieutenant -colonel for Chapultepec. He
then served mostly in Texas till his resignation on
7 May, 1861, for two years before which he had
been on sick leave of absence. He then joined the
Confederate army, was commissioned brigadier-
general in the same year, served in New Orleans,
and led a division at Shiloh and at Baton Rouge.
He became major-general in 1863, and commanded
the Department of the Mississippi. He repelled
raids on the northern and southern borders of the
state in 1863-'4, and in 1865 was commissary-gen-
eral of prisoners. After the war he took charge of
his large estate near Palafox, Tex., and also re-
sided at Fredericksburg, Va.. where he died.
RUGGLES, John, senator, b. in Westborough,
Mass., in 1790; d. in Thomaston, Me.. 20 June,
1874. He was graduated at Brown in 1813, studied
law, and began to practise in Skowhegan, Me., but
removed to Thomaston in 1818. He served in the
lower house of the legislature in 1823-'31, as its
speaker in 1825-'9 and 1831, and resigned in the
last-named year to become judge of the district
court of the state, in place of Samuel E. Smith,
who had been chosen governor. He was then
chosen U. S. senator as a Democrat in place of Peleg
Sprague, who had resigned, and served from 6
Feb., 1835, till 3 March, 1841. He afterward re-
turned to the practice of law.
RUGGLES, Samuel Bulkley, lawyer, b. in New Milford, Conn., 11 April, 1800; d. on Fire island, N. Y., 28 Aug., 1881. He removed at^ an early age to Poughkeepsie, was graduated at Yale in 1814, studied law in the office of his father, Philo, who was surrogate and district attorney at Poughkeepsie, and was admitted to the bar in 1821. He was elected a member of the assembly of 183s. and, as chairman of the committee on ways and means, presented a ' Report upon the Finances and Internal Improvements of the State of New York," which led the state to enter upon a new policy in its commercial development. This report proposed to borrow sums of money sufficient to enlarge the Erie canal within five years, and not, as had been at first decided, to rely upon part of the tolls to pay for the enlargement while waiting twenty years. The enlargement was not made at once,
