SCHWEINITZ, Lewis David von, botanist, b. in Bethlehem, Pa., 13 Feb., 1780; d. there, 8 Feb., 1834. In 1798 he went to Germany and was educated in the Moravian college and theological seminary, returning in 1812. He filled important ecclesiastical offices at Salem, N. C., and subsequently at Bethlehem. From early boyhood he devoted himself to the study of botany. By his own researches he added more than 1,400 new species to the catalogue of American flora, more than 1,200 being fungi, which had previously been but little studied. He was a member of various learned societies in the United States, Germany, and France. The University of Kiel, in Denmark, conferred upon him the degree of Ph. D. A new genus of plant was named Schweinitzia in his honor, and while a resident of Salem he was elected president of the University of North Carolina, which honor he declined because it involved relinquishing work in the Moravian church. His herbarium, which comprised at the time of his death the largest private collection of plants in the United States, he bequeathed to the Academy of natural sciences at Philadelphia. His principal works are “Conspectus Fungorum Lusatiæ” (Leipsic, 1805); “Synopsis Fungorum Carolina Superioris,” edited by Dr. Schwaegrichen (1818); “Specimen Floræ Americæ Septentrionalis Cryptogamieæ” (Raleigh, 1821); “Monograph of the Linnaean Genus Viola” (1821); “Catalogue of Plants collected in the N. W. Territory by Say” (Philadelphia, 1824); “Monograph of the American Species of the Genus Carex” (New York, 1825); and “Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali Media Degentium” (Philadelphia, 1832). See a “Memoir of Lewis David von Schweinitz” (Philadelphia, 1835), and a “Sketch of the Life and Scientific Work of L. D. von Schweinitz,” in the “Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society of the University of North Carolina” (Raleigh, 1886). — His son, Emil Adolphus (de Schweinitz), Moravian bishop, b. in Salem, N. C., 26 Oct., 1816; d. there, 3 Nov., 1879, was a graduate both of the American and of the German Moravian theological seminaries. After filling various ecclesiastical offices in Pennsylvania and North Carolina, among them that of principal of the Salem female academy, he was appointed president of the governing board of the southern district of the Moravian church, and consecrated to the episcopacy in 1874. He attended three general synods in succession, at Herrnhut, Saxony, in 1857, 1869, and 1879, and on the last two occasions was constituted one of the vice-presidents of that body. — Another son, Edmund Alexander (de Schweinitz), Moravian bishop, b. in Bethlehem, Pa., 20 March, 1825; d. there, 18 Dec., 1887, was graduated at the theological seminary in his native place, and then continued his studies at the University of Berlin. He began his ministry in 1850 and had charge successively of churches at Lebanon, Philadelphia, Lititz,and Bethlehem. On 28 Aug., 1870, he was consecrated to the episcopacy at Bethlehem, and at his death he was the presiding bishop of the northern district of the Moravian church. In 1871 Columbia conferred upon him the degree of S. T. D. He was appointed a delegate to the general synod that met at Herrnhut, Saxony, in 1857; and the one that convened at the same place in 1879, at which he was present in his official capacity, elected him its president, an honor that was never before conferred upon an American bishop. He originated in 1856 and for ten years edited “The Moravian,” the weekly journal of his church, and from 1867 till 1884 he was president of the theological seminary. Besides various sermons and essays and numerous cyclopaedia articles, he was the author of “The Moravian Manual” (Philadelphia, 1859; 2d enlarged ed., Bethlehem, Pa., 1869); “The Moravian Episcopate” (Bethlehem, 1865; 2d revised ed., London, 1874); “The Life and Times of David Zeisberger, the Western Pioneer and Apostle of the Indians” (Philadelphia. 1870); “Some of the Fathers of the American Moravian Church” (Bethlehem, 1881); and “The History of the Church known as the Unitas Fratrum” (1885), on the second series of which work, comprising the “History of the Renewed Unitas Fratrum,” he was engaged at the time of his death.
SCOFIELD, Gleiini William, jurist, b. in
Chautauqua county. N. Y., 11 March, 1817; d. in
Warren, Pa.. 30 Aug., 1891. After graduation at
Hamilton, he removed to Pennsylvania, and was
admitted to the bar in 1843. He was a member of
the Pennsylvania assembly in 1850-'! and of the
state senate in 1857-'9, and in 18G1 was appointed
president judge of the 18th judicial district. He was
then elected to congress as a Republican, and served
from 7 Dec.. 1863. till 3 March. 1875. He took an ac-
tive part in the reconstruction measures, and served
on important committees, being chairman of that
on naval atfairs. On 28 March, 1878, he was ap-
pointed register of the treasury, and he served
until 1881, when he was appointed an associate
justice of the U. S. court of claims. Hamilton gave
him the degree of LL. D. in 1884.
SCOLLARD, Clinton, poet, b. in Clinton, Oneida co., N. Y., 18 Sept., 1861. After graduation at Hamilton college in 1881 he studied for
two years in Harvard, and travelled in Europe in 1886-'7, spending several mouths in Cambridge university before visiting Greece, Egypt. and Pales-
tine. He has published two volumes of poems, "Pictures in Song" (New York, 1884) and "With Reed and Lyre" (Boston, 1886).
SCORESBY, William, English explorer, b. in Cropton. Yorkshire, 5 Oct., 1790; d. in Torquay. 21 March, 1857. His father, of the same name, was a
daring and successful whale-fisher. The son followed the sea, and in 1806 was chief mate on the voyage in which his father reached the highest
latitude (81° 12' 42") that had then been attained on sea. During the intervals between voyages with the sanction of his father, he devoted himself
to study, and two of his winters were spent at Edinburgh university. During his voyages he made many observations on the electric phenomena
of the arctic regions, and was instrumental in inducing Sir Joseph Banks to send out a series of expeditions for the discovery of the north pole.
Young Scoresby continued in the whaling service after his father's death, and. when he had made seventeen voyages to Spitzbergen or Greenland, he
published "An Account of the Arctic Regions, with a History and Description of the Northern Whale Fishery" (2 vols., 1820). This work added
largely to science in the departments of physical geography, natural history, and magnetic observation. In 822 he made an exploring voyage along the east coast of Greenland, which was then comparatively unknown, and published the results in a "Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale Fishery. including Researches and Discoveries on the Eastern Coast of West Greenland, made in the Summer of 1822, in the Ship 'Baflin.' of Liverpool (Edinburgh, 1923). On his return to Liverpool he received the intelligence of the death of
his wife, and abandoned \n~ seafaring life. In 1824 he was elected a fellow of the l!o\a| society, and he was subsequently made corresponding member of the Institute of France. When about forty
