isr)5) ; The Telegraph Manual (1850) : " The Re- cession War in America" (London, 1862); "His- tory of America " (2 vols., 1863) ; and " Odd-Fel- lowship" (New York. 1875).
SHAFTER. Oscar Lovell, jurist, b. in Athens,
Vt., 19 Oct., 1812 ; d. in Florence. Italy. 23 Jan..
1873. His grandfather, James Shatter," fought at
Bunker Hill, Bennington, and Saratoga, and for
twenty-five years served in the Vermont legisla-
ture; "and his father was county judge, a member
of the Constitutional convention of 1836, and of
the legislature. After graduation at Wesleyan
university, Middletown, Conn., in 1834, Oscar
studied law at Harvard, was admitted to tin- liar.
and began to practise in Wilmington. Vt., in lx::ii.
In 1854 he removed to California, and practised
his profession there until 1804, when he became
associate justice of the state supreme court for a
term of ten years ; but he resigned this post in 1867,
owing to impaired health, and resided in Europe
until his death. His brother. James McMillan, lawyer, b. in Athens. 27 May, 1816; d. 30 Aug., 1802, was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1837, and at Yale law-school in 1839. He was admitted to the bar in 1840, practised law in Townsend and Burlington, Vt., served in the legislature, and in 1842-'9 was secretary of state. Removing to Wisconsin in 1849, he served in the legislature, was its speaker, and in 1852 was a defeated candidate for congress. In 1852 he removed to California, and, in connection with his brother and others, formed the law-partnership of Shatters,
Park, and Heydenfeldt, and subsequently became
associated with James M. Seawell. He served in
the California senate in 1861-'2 and again in
1863-'4, when he was made president pro (empore.
He was a member of the convention that adopted
the present constitution of California. Mr. Shatter
was made judge of the supreme court in 1892.
He was a trustee of the Leland Stanford, Jr., uni-
versity at Palo Alto, California.
SHAKESPEARE, Edward Grain, physician,
b. in Dover, Del., 19 May, 1846. He is descended
from Edmund, one of the brothers of the poet,
William Shakespeare. After receiving his bache-
lor's degree at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., in
1867, he was graduated at the medical department
of the University of Pennsylvania in 1860. At
first he settled in Dover, Del., but in 1874 removed
to Philadelphia. He makes a specially (if oph-
thalmic surgery, and is lecturer on refraction and
accommodation of the eye, and operative ophthal-
mic surgery in the University of Pennsylvania. In
1885 he was sent as the representative of the Unit-
ed States to Spain and other countries in Europe
where cholera existed, in order to investigate the
causes, progress, and proper prevention and cure
of that disease. He spent six months in studying
the subject, and made his report to congress. Dr.
Shakespeare is a member of several medical socie-
ties, and has devised for clinical purposes a new
ophthalmoscope and ophthalmometre.
SHALER, Alexander, soldier, b. in Haddam,
Conn.. l!i Miiivh. 1827. He was educated in pri-
vate schools, entered the New York militia as a
private in 1845, and became major of the 7th New
York regiment, 13 Dec., 1860. He was appointed
lieutenant-colonel of the 65th New York voliintr, r,
in June, 1861, became colonel, 17 July, 1862, and
commanded the military prison at Johnson's isl-
and, Ohio, during the winter of 1863-'4. He
with the Army of the Potomac, participating in
all its battles, until 6 May, 1864. when he was taken
prisoner at the battle of the Wilderness, and was
held in Charleston, S. C., during the summer of
that year. After his exchange, he commanded a
division in the 7th corps and the post of Duval's
Bluffs, Ark., serving in the southwest until he
was mustered out on 24 Aug., 1865. He was com-
missioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 26
May. 1863. and brevetted major-general of volun-
teers on 27 July, 1865. From 1867 till 1870 he
was president of the board of commissioners of
the Metropolitan fire department, and commission-
er of the fire department of New York city in
1870-'3. He was consulting engineer to the Chi-
cago board of police and fire in 1874 '5, being
charged with the reorganization and instruction
of the fire department in that city. From 1867 till
1886 he was major-general of the 1st division cf
the national guard of New York, and was an organ-
izer and president of the National rifle association
of the United States. While a member of the
board for the purchase of sites for armories, he was
accused of bribery ; but, although he was tried
twice, the jury disagreed. Gen. Shaler published
a " Manual of Arms for Light Infantry using the
Rifle Musket" (New York, 1861).
SHALER, Nathaniel Southgate, geologist, b.
in Newport, Ky., 22 Feb., 1841. He was graduated
in 1862 at the Lawrence scientific school of
Harvard, where he received private instruction from
Louis Agassiz, and then spent two years in
Kentucky, during the civil war, serving in the Federal
militia as an officer in the artillery and on the staff.
In 1864 he was appointed assistant in paleontology
in the Museum of comparative zoölogy at Harvard,
and in 1865 he was given charge of the instruction
in zöology and geology in the Lawrence school,
which he continued until 1872. Meanwhile he
received the degree of S. D. for higher studies
in 1865, and in 1868 was appointed professor
of paleontology in Harvard, which chair he held
till 1887, when he became professor of geology.
Dr. Shaler was appointed director of the Kentucky
geological survey in 1873, and devoted a part of
each year until 1880 to that work, in connection
with which he published reports entitled
“Geological Survey of Kentucky” (6 vols., Frankfort,
1876-'82), and “Memoirs of the Geological Survey
of Kentucky” (1 vol., Cambridge, 1876). In 1884
he was appointed geologist to the U. S. geological
survey in charge of the Atlantic division. He is
a member of scientific societies, and has published
upward of one hundred memoirs, including
frequent popular articles in the “Atlantic Monthly,”
“Scribner's Magazine,” and similar periodicals. Dr.
Shaler has published “Thoughts on the Nature of
Intellectual Property and its Importance to the
State” (Boston, 1878); with William M. Davis,
“Illustrations of the Earth's Surface; Glaciers” (1881);
“A First Book in Geology” (1884); and “Kentucky,
a Pioneer Commonwealth” (1885), in the “American
Commonwealth Series.”
SHALER, William, author, b. in 1778; d. in
Havana, Cuba, 29 March, 1833. He was U. S.
consul-general at Algiers, where he rendered ^>T-
vice to the French during their operations against
that place, and subsequently held this post at
Havana, where he displayed ability in difficult
circumstances, and was commissioned to negotiate
a treaty in 1815. Princeton gave him thed<-i<'
of A. M. in 1S28. He published a paper on the
"Language of the Berbers in Africa" in the
" American Philosophical Transactions," and was
the author of "Sketches of Algiers," highly com-
mended by Dr. Jared Sparks (Boston, IS'.'lii.
SHANAHAN. Jeremiah Francis, R. C. bishop, b. in Silver Lake. Sus<|iirlianna CO., Pa.. i:j July, is:: I: d. in Ilarrisburg, Pa., 24 Sept., 1886. He
