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manager of a similar establishment in New Leba- non Springs, N. Y. He contributed to The Water- ( 'urc' .Journal," and was the author of several works on water treatment, including "Hydropathy, or the Water-Cure" (New York, 1844)- "Cholera treated by Water" (1848); "Children: their Hy- dropathic Management " (1852) ; and The Hydro- pathic Family Physician " (1854).

SHIELDS, James, soldier, b. in Dungannon, County Tyro]].'. Ireland, in 1810; d. in Ottumva, Iowa. 1 Jiinr, 1879. He emigrated to the United States in 182H. studied law, and began practice at Kaskaskia, 111., in 1832. He was sent to the legis- lature in is: Hi. elected state auditor in 1839, in 1843 ap- pointed a judge of the state su- preme court, and in 1845 made commis- sioner of the general land- office. When the war with ETC., Mexico began he was ap- pointed a brig- adier - general, his commission dating from 1 July, 1846, and was assigned to the command

of the Illinois

contingent. He served under Gen. Zachary Taylor on the Rio Grande, under Gen. John E. Wool in Chihuahua, and through Gen. Winfield Scott's cam- paign. At Cerro Gordo he gained the brevet of major-general, and was shot through the lung. After his recovery he took part in the operations in the valley of Mexico, commanding a brigade com- posed of marines and of New York and South Caro- lina volunteers, and at Chapultepec he was again severely wounded. He was mustered out on 20 July, 1848, and in the same year received the ap- pointment of governor of Oregon territory. This office he resigned on being elected U. S. senator from Illinois as a Democrat, and served from 3 Dec., 1849, till 3 March, 1855. After the expiration of his term he removed to Minnesota, and when the state government was organized he returned to the U. S. senate as one of the representatives of the new state, taking his seat on 12 May, 1858, and serving till 3 March, 1859. At the end of his term he set- tled in California, and at the beginning of hostili- ties in 1861 was in Mexico, where he was engaged in superintending a mine. Hastening to Washing- ton, he was appointed a brigadier-general of vol- unteers on 19 Aug. He was assigned to the com- mand of Gen. Frederick W. Lander's brigade after the latter's death, and on 23 March, 1862, at the head of a division of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's army in the Shenandoah valley, he opened the second campaign with the victory at Winche-ter. Va., after receiving a severe wound in the prepara- tory movements on the preceding day. He was in command at Port Republic on 9 June, and was defeated by Gen. Thomas J. Jackson. Resigning his commission on 28 March, 1863, he settled in California, but soon removed to C'arrollton, Mo. He was elected senator from Missouri in 1879, and is believed to be the only man who has successively represented three states in the U. S. senate.

SHIELDS, Mary, philanthropist, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa.. 12 Jan., 1820; d. there. 8 Oct., 1880. She was a daughter of John Shields, a wealthy merchant of that city, and inherited a large estate from him and from her brother. She was active in benevolent work, and bequeathed $1,400,000 for charitable purpose*. The Pennsylvania deaf and dumb asylum, the Institution for the blind, the Old man's home, the House of mercy for the care of consumptives, the Indigent and single woman's society, received each one sixth of this sum. and the remaining sixth was divided between the Pennsylvania hospital and the city of Philadelphia, "to relieve and make more comfortable the sick and insane poor at the almshouse."

SHIELDS, Patrick Henry, jurist, b. in York county, Va., 16 May, 1773; d. in New Albany, 6 June, 1848. In accordance with his father's will he was educated for the legal profession at Hampden Sidney and William and Mary colleges. Inheriting a large tract of land near Lexington, Ky., he removed to that state in 1801, but found the title to the estate defective. In 1805 he passed into Indiana territory, and joined his classmate and life-long friend, William Henry Harrison. He was commissioned the first judge of Harrison county in 1808. and it is recorded of him that he fought gallantly in the battle of Tippecanoe. His house was often the headquarters of the territorial authorities. He was a member of the Constitutional convention at Corydon in 1816, and filled judicial offices until the time of his death. Judge Shields, as one of the founders of the state, took an active part in reforming the territorial courts, in organ- izing the school-system, and in maintaining the congressional ordinance of 1787, which prohibited the indefinite continuance of slavery, though he was at the time himself a slave-holder. According to family tradition, he was the author of the constitutional article which confirmed Indiana as a free state. Hisgrandson. Charles Woodruff, educator, b. in New Albany, Ind., 4 April, 1825, entered Princeton as an advanced student, and was graduated with distinction in 1844. After a course of four years' study in Princeton theological seminary he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of New Brunswick, N. J., in 1848. In 1849 he was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church of Hempstead, L. I., and in 1850 he was installed as pastor of the 2d Presbyterian church of Philadelphia, Pa. He had been early imbued with a philosophical spirit, and published in 1861 an elaborate treatise entitled " Philosophia Ultima," in which he expounded an academic scheme of irenical studies for the coneiliation of religion and science. His friends, profoundly impressed by this exposition, created for him in' Princeton a new professorship of the harmony of science and revealed religion. This chair was the first of its kind in any American college, and at the time of its establishment (1805) was so novel in theory that its utility and even its orthodoxy were questioned, but its usefulness as well as its timeliness was soon abundantly vindicated. He was appointed professor of modern history in 1871, but soon resigned this added chair that he might not be diverted from the aim of his life, which he has pursued in college lectures, in papers before the philosophical society of Washington, in contributions to periodicals, and in elaborate published works. He received the honorary degree of D. D. from Princeton in 1861, and that of LL. D. from Columbian university. Washington, in 1S77. Dr. Shields has advocated the restoration of theology, as a science of religion, to its true philosophical position in a university system of culture, as dis-