tugal, being; also commissioned to give a detailed report to King John. On the division of the land into captaincies on 28 Sept.. 1532, he was awarded two tracts of twenty-five leagues, and sailed in 1533 with a party of colonists to occupy the northern division between Parahiba and Pernambuco, but, meeting with opposition from a neighboring tribe, the Petiguares, he went to Europe to collect more abundant means for colonization, fie was offered the command of a fleet to the East Indies, and. hop- ing to obtain funds from his brother, he accepted, but perished on his return voyage by shipwreck on the coast of Madagascar. The manuscript of his report to King John III. lay in the royal archives till it was published by Adolpho de Varnhagen under the title " Diario" de navigagao da Armada, que foi a terra do Brazil em 1530" (Lisbon. l^_".i),
SOUZA, Thom de, first governor-general of
Brazil, b. in Souza, Beira. early in the 16th century ;
d. in Lisbon about 1560. In the hereditary cap-
taincies that had been established in Brazil abuses
soon became general, so that King John III., on 7
Jan., 1549, ordered the organization of a general
government, abolishing the extraordinary privileges
that he had granted to the captains. For the exe-
cution of this difficult and important work the
royal choice fell upon Thome de Souza, a natural son
of one of the first families, a prudent and enlight-
ened-officer and statesman, who had achieved re-
nown in the wars of Africa and India. He sailed
from Lisbon on 2 Feb., 1549, with a squadron of
six vessels, having on board six hundred volunteers,
four hui idivd pardoned convicts, several families as
colonists, some artillery officers, engineers, mechan-
ics, and six Jesuits under the lead of Father Manoel
de Nobrega. On 29 March he entered the harbor
of Todos os Santos. The aged Diogo Alvares Cara-
muru (see PARAGUASSC) hastened to welcome the
governor-general, and his allies, the Tupinambas.
offered their services. There Souza founded a city,
naming it Sao Salvador, which was afterward
(.-hanged to Hah in de todos os Santos. The as-
sistance that he received from the Tii]iin:imU-i-
hastened the progress of building, and soon the
cathedral, the governor's palace, a Jesuit college,
and one hundred houses had been completed. He
organized the administration by appointing a chief
justice and other authorities. The colony flourished
under Souza's prudent administration, and numer-
ous emigrants arrived, founding new villages. In
1551 a bishopric was established in Bahia. with
jurisdiction over the whole Portuguese colony.
Souza. weakened by the fatigues of his responsible
office, solicited relief, and on 13 July, 1553, his
successor, Duarte da Costa, arrived, to whom he
delivered the government and sailed for Portugal.
SOWARDS, Joseph, scout, b. in eastern Ken-
tucky about 1840 ; a. there about 1863. He was
of Scotch-Irish descent, and at the beginning of
the civil war occupied, with his aged father, a
small farm in the upper part of Johnson county.
Ky. He was a decided Unionist. The threats of his
neighbors caused him to take refuge in the woods.
While he was thus in hiding a party demanded of
his father his place of concealment, and, on the lat-
ter' s refusal to disclose it, Judge Cecil, one of the
number, shot the old man dead before his own
doorway. So wards now enlisted in the 8th Ken-
tucky regiment in the National army, and in De-
cember. 1861, was selected by Gen. James A. Gar-
field as a scout. Sowards rendered important
services, among others going, at imminent risk.
into Marshall's camp on the eve of the battle of
Middle Creek and reporting to Garfield an ambus-
cade into which he would doubtless have fallen
but for this timely information. On Marshall's
retreat from that battle, Judge Cecil was captured,
and Sowards upbraided him with the death of his
aged father. A taunting reply caused Sowards to
lose his self-control, and he shot Cecil as Cecil had
shot his father. A court-martial sentenced Sow-
ards to death: but Garfield .was careful to enjoin
upon his colonel to select as his guard only such
men as were especially friendly to the pri.-oner,
who naturally was allowed to escape. After this
he performed the most important services, hang-
ing about Garfield's camp and giving constant in-
formation as to the movements of the enemy. No
one knew how he lived or where he could be found,
but he was sure to appear whenever he was wanted.
Through him Garfield was enabled to drive the
last organized body of Gen. Humphrey Mar-
shall's men from Kentucky. They had strongly
intrenched themselves at Pound Gap, and were
fast receiving re-enforcements from Virginia, when
Sowards penetrated their camp, learned their
strength and position, and then returned to Gar-
field's lines with the suggestion that he should fall
upon and destroy them. The result was the Pound
Gap expedition, which Sowards guided over a hun-
dred miles of rough road and through a blinding
snow-storm. He was so thoroughly disguised that
Garfield, though he knew Sowards was with the
troop, did not recognize him until he disclosed
himself on the eve of the battle. This is the last
that is certainly known of Sowards, but he is re-
ported to have been killed in the following year
by a band of Confederate guerillas.
SOWER, Christopher, printer, b. in Laasphe,
near Marburg, Germany, in 1693; d. in Germantown,
Pa., 25 Sept., 1758. He wrote his name
Christophe Saur on his German publications. He
was a graduate of a German university, and studied
medicine at Halle. He came to Philadelphia
in 1724 and settled in Lancaster county as a
farmer, but removed in 1731 to Germantown,
where, in the same year, he built a large dwelling
(see engraving) for his residence. In order to
supply the needs of his countrymen who were
liberally educated, especially in theology, he first
supplied them with Bibles and religious works from
Germany. In 1738, having obtained a printing-press
and materials, he issued an almanac, in German,
of twenty-four pages, which was continued
by his descendants till 1798. In 1739 he brought
out the first number of “Der Hoch-Deutsch
Pensylvanische Geschichts-Schreiber,” a religious and
secular journal, a small folio, nine by thirteen
inches, which attained a circulation of nearly ten
thousand, and had great influence among his
countrymen. It was the first of its kind that was
published in a foreign language in Pennsylvania.
This was followed by a number of larger works
and in 1743 by a quarto edition of the Bible in
German, Luther's translation, which was limited
