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land, in 1805, and died in 1820. The son succeeded to the management of the business, and in 1828 formed a partnership with his In-nthcr. Alexander. They began refining sugar by strum in 1832. and were the first to succeed in this process. They abandoned candy-making in 1856, devoting them- selves solely to sugar- refining, and in 18T2 they retired from ac- tive business. He was president of the American museum of natural history and of the Presbyte- rian hospital. New York, was connected with various chari- table, scientific, and social organizations, and was known also as the possessor of a

large and valuable library and gallery of paintings, and a raunifieent giver to educational and religious institutions. In

he gave $55.000 to the Presbyterian hospital, 

New York city, $100.000 to Princeton theological seminary, $100,000 to Princeton college, and $50,- 000 to the San Francisco theological seminary. Mr. Stuart's charities were continued by his widow, whose New York residence was among the finest in the country. His brother, Alexander, b. in New York city, 22 Dec., 1810; d. there. 23 Dec., 1879, was a generous donor to philanthropic objects. The brothers began in 1852 to devote each year a certain minimum sum to works of benevolence, chiefly connected with the Presbyterian church, and before the death of Alexander had given away $1,391,000, which was increased by the subsequent gifts of Robert L. to nearly $2,000,000.

STUART, William, journalist, b. in Galway, Ireland, 7 July, 1821; d. in New York city. 27 Dec., 1886. His real name was Edmund O'Pla- herty. He was educated at Eton college, and soon after being graduated became interested in Irish politics. He was elected to parliament, and iden- tified himself with a group that opposed the ec- clesiastical-titles bill, but made terms with Lord Aberdeen's coalition ministry in 1852, Edmund O'Flaherty receiving the appointment of commis- sioner of the income tax. Two years later, becom- ing pecuniarily embarrassed by election expenses and losses on the turf, he attempted to raise money by a fraud, and fled to Paris to avoid prosecution, and thence to New York city. Taking the name of his mother's family, he wrote newspaper articles for a livelihood, and gained a reputation as a dra- matic critic by caustic strictures in the New York " Tribune " on Edwin Forrest's style of acting, en- hancing the popular interest in his criticisms by sarcastic replies that he wrote for the " Evening Express." He became a theatrical manager in Washington and Philadelphia, and then the lessee of the Winter Garden theatre in New York city, where Edwin Booth gained his first success as Hamlet and Dion Boucicault and Agnes Robert- son were introduced to the public in the " Octo- roon," which had to be taken off the stage on account of the political feeling that it excited. After the burning of the Winter Garden in 1867, he was associated with Lester Wallack, and in 1869 returned to the profession of journalism. Stuart was a connoisseur in gastronomy, and in the clubs of New York und elsewhere he entertained many notable' | pic of both continents.

STUCKENBERG, John Henry William, clergyman, b. in Bramschc. Hanover. Germany, 6 Jan., 1835. lie emigrated in carlv life to the United States, and was graduated at Wittenberg college, Springfield, Ohio, in 1S.~>7. after which he returned to Germany to study theology in the universities of Gottingen, Berlin, and Tiibingen. He was ordained us a Lutheran minister in 1860, and held pastoral charges in Iowa and Pennsyl- vania, besides officiating in 1862-'3 as chaplain of the 45th Pennsylvania volunteers. He was profes- sor of theology at Wittenberg college from 1873 till 1MSO, and since that time has been pastor of the American chapel in Berlin, Germany. He is a member of the Berlin philosophical society. In addition to contributions to religious periodicals, he has published " German Rationalism in its Rise, Progress, and Decline," from the German of Carl Rudolf Hagenbach, in conjunction with William L. Gage (Edinburgh, 1865); "Ninety-five Theses" (Baltimore, 1867); "History of the Augs- burg Confession from its Origin till the Adoption of the Formula of Concord " (Philadelphia. 1869); "Christian Sociology" (New York, 1880; London, 1881); "Life of Enianuel Kant " (London, lss2r, and " Introduction to the Study of Philosophy."

STUEBER, Henry, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., about 1770; d. 'there in 1792. He was of German extraction. After graduation at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1784, and at the medi- cal department in 1788, he obtained a clerkship in a government office and began the study of law, but soon died of pulmonary disease, after estab- lishing a reputation as a versatile scholar and original thinker. Besides contributions to peri- odical literature, he wrote a sequel to Benjamin Franklin's " Autobiography," containing an ac- count of his discoveries in electrical science. A memoir was published shortly after his death.

STUNG SERPENT (or LE SERPENT PICQCE), chief of the Natchez Indians, d. in Louisiana, about 1725. The Natchez having killed some Frenchmen in 1713, and Bienville having been sent to punish them, a deputation, headed by Stung Serpent and other chiefs, came to negotiate with him. After Bienville's expedition had ended successfully, he made peace with the Natchez, and released their chiefs. In 1722 several Natchez villages rose against the French, and a soldier was murdered. Troops were sent to reduce them, but Stung Serpent, who was then great chief, endeavored to make repara- tion by fining the villages. He acted as interpreter to the French, and is described as being their best friend among the Natchez. Some authorities place his death later than 1725.

STURGE, Joseph, English author, b. in Elver- ton, Gloucestershire, England, in 1793; d. in Bir- mingham, 1 May, 1859. He was a member of the Society of Friends, established himself as a corn-factor in Birmingham in 1820, acquired great wealth, and devoted himself, among other philan- thropic objects, to the abolition of slavery. To familiarize himself with the subject of slavery, he visited the West Indies in 1837, and four years later the United States. He published " The West Indies in 1837 " (London, 1838), and " Visit to the United States in 1841 " (Boston, 1842). The " Me- moirs of Joseph Sturge" were written by Henry Richard (London, 1864).

STURGEON, Daniel, senator, b. in Adams county, Pa., 27 Oct., 1789 : d. in Uniontown. Fayette co., Pa.. 2 July. 1878. He was educated at Jefferson college, Pa., studied medicine in Fayette