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rique du Nord " (2 vols., Nancy, 1809), and"Les fitats-TInis en 1800, oti journal et impressions tie voyage a travers 1'Amerique du Nord " (1812).

STURM, Jacques (stoorm). French naturalist, b. in Haguenau, Alsace, in 1743; d. in Nancy in 1802. He entered tin- c-lnirch, but received only minor orders, and was for several years preceptor in the family of the Duke d'Aiguillon, who obtained fur him a scientific mission to South America. Sailing from Brest in 1775, he visited the Canaries and the Cape Verde islands and Brazil, coasted along Chili, Peru, and California, and visited the Philippines, Batavia, and Sumatra, collecting speci- mens of natural history. In 1785 he returned to South America, at the invitation of the Academy of medicine, to study the medicinal plants of Brazil. After exploring the basin of the Orinoco, he crossed to Amazon river, which he descended for several hundred miles amid many dangers and hardships. Deserted by his escort, he lived for months with half-civilized Indians, and in 1791 reached Para, after forming a collection of 1,100 plants, 400 of which were new, belonging to 150 families. Owing to the state of affairs in France, he delayed his departure, and accepted a chair in the city college. In 1795 he returned to Paris and presented his col- lections to the institute, of which he was elected a corresponding member in 1798. His works include " Deux ans de sejour dans les deserts de FAma- zonie " (Nancy, 1796); "Catalogue raisonne de la flore Bresilienne " (2 vols., 1798): " Essai sur 1'his- toire naturelle du Bresil " (1800) ; " Dictionnaire des plantes medicinales propres au Bresil" (1801).

STURTEVANT, Edward Lewis, agriculturist, b. in Boston, Mass., 23 Jan., 1842. He was gradu- ated at Bowdoin in 1863, and served during that year as captain in the 24th Maine volunteers, after which he was graduated at the medical department of Harvard in 1866. Dr. Sturtevant settled in South Framinghara, where he devoted himself to agricultural pursuits on a liberal scale, and to the cultivation of favorite breeds of dairy cattle, also contributing frequent papers to the press and de- livering lectures on topics relating to his chosen work. In 1881 he was called to the charge of the New York agricultural station at Geneva, where he remained for six years. He is a fellow of the American association for the advancement of sci- ence, and was president of the Society for the pro- motion of agricultural science in 1887. Besides making large contributions to agricultural papers, he edited the " Scientific Farmer " in 1876-'9. the " North American Ayrshire Register " and the an- nual " Reports of the New York Agricultural Ex- periment Station" (1882-'7), and, with Joseph N. Sturtevant, published " The Dairy Cow," a mono- graph on the Ayrshire breed of cattle (Boston, 1875).

STURTEVANT, Julian Monson, educator, b. in Warren, Conn., 26 July. 1805 ; d. in Jackson- ville, 111., 11 Feb., 1886. He was graduated at Yale in 1826, and at Yale divinity-school in 1829, began to teach before his education was completed, and continued to do so till a few months before his death. He was a tutor in Illinois college in 1828-'30, professor of mathematics, natural phi- losophy, and astronomy in the same in 18:jl-'44. piv-ident and professor of mental and moral phi- losophy in 1844-'76, and professor of mental sci- ence and the science of government from 1876 till his death. He was successful as an educator, preached frequently, and published " Economics, or Science of Wealth" (New York, 1876), and "Keys of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament"

I!<i-ton, 1879). He was a frequent contributor to

the "New Englander" and other periodicals.

STUYVESANT, Peter, governor of New York, b. in Holland in 1593; d. in New York city in August, 1682. He was the son of a clergyman of Friesland, and at an early age displayed a fondness for military life. He served in the West Indies, was governor of the colony of Curaroa. lost a leg during the unsuccessful attack on the Portuguese island of St. "Martin, and returned to Holland in 1644. Being appointed director-general of New Netherlands, he took the oath of office on 28 July, 1646, and reached New Amsterdam on 1 1 May, 1647, amid such vehement firing of guns from the fort that nearly all the powder in

the town was consumed in salutes.

Soon after his inauguration on 27 May he organ- ized a council and established a court of justice. In deference to the popular will, he ordered a general election of eighteen delegates, from whom the governor and his council selected a board of nine, whose power was advisory and not legisla- tive. Among his first proclamations were orders to enforce the rigid observance of Sunday, prohibit the sale of liquor and fire-arms to the Indians, and protect the revenue and increase the treasury by heavier taxation on imports. He also endeavored to erect a better class of houses and taverns, es- tablished a market and an annual cattle-fair, and was also interested in founding a public school. One of the first acts of the new governor was to enter into a correspondence with the other r"ln- nies regarding the decisive settlement of the boundary question ; but New England would not agree to terms. He also became involved in a con- troversy with Gov. Theophilus Eaton, of Connecti- cut, over the claim of the Dutch to jurisdiction in that state. In 1648 a conflict arose between him and Brant Arent Van Slechtenhorst, the commis- sary of the young patroon of Rensselaerswyck at Beverswick, Stuyvesant claiming power irrespect- ive of the special feudal privileges that had been granted in the charter of 1629. In 1649 Stuyvesant marched to Fort Orange with a military escort, and ordered certain houses to be razed to permit of a better defence of the fort in case of an attack of the Indians, also commanding that stores and timber should be taken from the patroon's land to repair the fortifications. This Van Slechtenhorst refused to do, and the director sent a body of sol- diers to enforce his orders. The controversy that followed resulted in the commissary's maintaining his rights and the director's losing some popularity. The first two years of his administration were not successful. He had serious discussions with the patroons, who interfered with the company's trade and denied the authority of the governor, and he was also embroiled in contentions with the council, which sent a deputation to the Hague to report the condition of the colony to the states-general. This report was published as " Vertoogh van Nieuw Netherlandt " (The Hague. 1650). The states-gen- eral afterward commanded Stuyvesant to appeal