Page:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1900, volume 7).djvu/143

became a professor in Madrid, and afterward re- turned to Cuba to assume charge of his estate. He took a prominent part in the rebellion against Spain in October, 18()8, and captured Santa Kita, Baire, Guisa, llolguin, and other points. He won many battles, but in the end was cap- tured and ma<le prisoner. An at- tempt to shoot himself failed, and he was taken to Spain and con- fined in the for- tresses of Valencia and Santofla in 1873. After the treaty of peace of Zanjon was signed in 1878 he was set at liberty. When after nearly twen- ty years of com- parative quiet in- surrection again

broke out in Cuba,

Garcia landed on the island, 24 May, 18i)6; he was appointed chief of the military department of the east and lieutenant-general in the Cuban army. Again he waged a successful guerrilla war- fare, winning battles and capturing many towns; he succeeded in driving the Spaniards almost en- tirely out of that part of Cuba east of the Moron Irocfia. During the invasion of Cuba by the American forces in the summer of 1898 he co- operated with them ; after the fall of Santiago on 14 July lie resignc<l his command of the Cuban forces, but started at onco for Holguin to attack the Spaniards there. On 17 Aug., while fighting a force of about 5,000 men between Gittara and Holguin, he heard of the signing of the protocol of 12 Aug. I)etwcen the United States and the Krencli minister at Wa-shington. .Jules Cambon, on behalf of Spain; he sus[«nded hostilities at once, this being the last battle in Cuba. In OctolnT follow- ing he was app<>intcd, on recommendation of Gen. W()(k1, a commissioner of the United States to as- sist in the pacification of Cuba and the restora- tion of order in the island. Gen. Garcia arrived in the United .States with a party of Cubans, and. after spf-mling a few days in New York, proceeded to Washington. where he died suddenly.

GARDINER, Asa Bird, lawyer, b. in New York city, 30 Sept.. 1830, and was gra<luated at the University of the city of New York. He studied law. and was admitted to the Imr in 1860. Kntered the volunteer service in tlie following year, and continued in the army iluring the civil war. In 1866 he was ap|K>inte(l 2<1 lieutenant in the regu- lar army, promoted in 1861) to 1st lieutenant, and in 1873 was commissiotied judge-advwate. He was professor of law at the U. S. military acmlemy for four years, and later served as judge-advocate on the staff of (ien. Hancock, cotnmanding the divi- sion of the Atlantic. Major (iardmer was retired from the army at his own reijuest in 18K8. and re- sumed the practice of law. In 1808 be became district attorney of New York. He is an active memljer of the order of the Cincinnati and other patriotic organizations, and in 1875 received the degree of LI,. I), from the New York university.

GARIBALDI. Giuseppe, Italian patriot, b. in Nice. 4 July. 1K()7: d. in Caprera, 2 June, 1882. He followed the sea from his earliest youth, and in 1836 went to Rio Janeiro, where he engaged in the coasting trade. In 1837 he offered his services to the revolted Brazilian province of Kio Grande do Sul, and commanded a fleet of gunboats. Af- ter many daring exploits he was forced to burn his vessels, and went to Montevideo, where he be- came a broker and teacher of mathematics. He took service in Uruguay in the war against Kosas, and was given the command of a small naval force, which he was obliged to abandon after a battle at Costa Brava in June, 1842. Garibaldi then or- ganized the famous Italian legion, with which for four years he fought numerous battles for the re- public. In 1845 he commanded an expedition to Salto, where he established his headquarters, and toward the end of the year he resisted with 500 men for three davs the assault of Urqniza's ariiiv of 4.000. In Feb., 1846, he repelled at San Antonio, with scarcely 200 men. Gen. Servando Gomez with 1,200 soldiers. In 1847, when he heard of Italy's rising against Austrian dominion, he went to assist his country, accompanied by a portion of the Ital- ian legion ; but after taking part in several unsuc- cessful attempts, including the defence of Home against the French in 1840, he sailed ii: June, 1850, for New York. On Statcn island he W(.rkcd for a time with a countryman manufacturing candles and soap, and in 1851 he went by way of Cen- tral America and Panama to Caliao, whence he sailed in 1K52 in command of a vessel for China. Karly in 1854 he returned to Italy, where he lived quietly in the island of Caprera. At the opening of war against An.-itria in 18.59 he organized the Alpine chass«'urs, and defeated the enemy in sev- eral encounters. After the peace of Villafraiica he began preparations for the expedition, which was secretly encouraged by the government. Having conquered Sicilv and being proclaimeil dictator, he entered Naples in triumph in September, 1860, but afterward resigned the dictatorship and pro- claimeil Victor Kmmanuel king of Italy, declining all proffered honors and retiring to Caprera. In 1 862 he planned t he rescue of Home from the French, and again invailcil Calabria from Sicily, but was wounded and captured at Aspromonte, 20 Aug., 1862. and sent back to Caprera, In June, 1866, during the Au»- tro-I'russian war, he commanded for a short time an army of volun- teers, and on 14 Oct.. 1867. he un- dertook another ex|)edition to lib- erate Koine, but was routed by the papal troops and the French. He entered the ser- vice of the French republic in 1870, anil he organized and commanded the chas.seiirs of

the Vosges. In

1871 he was elect- ed to the Italian parliament, and took an active nart in politics till the end of his life. In 1888 the Italians in New York erected a bronze statue of him by the late Giovanni Tnrini. which wasunvailed in Washington Square in I8N8. He wrote several novels, incluiling " Cantoni il volontario" (Genoa, 1870): "Clelia. ovvero il governo nionaco; Koma del s<'colo XIX." (1870), which in the same year was translated into English under the title of " The