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common schools in Washington, and had as instructors in music John Esputa and George Felix Benkert. At the age of twenty-six he became bandmaster of the U. S. marine corps, and held this position from 1880 until 1892. lie has pro- duced the following operas: "The Smugglers'" (1879); "I)esiree"(1884); "The Queen of Hearts" (1886); "El Capitan" (1893); "The Bride Elect" (1897) ; and " The Charlatan " (1898). He is best known, perhaps, for his marches, and the title of "The March King" has often been applied to him. Among his marches may be mentioned the follow- ing : " The Washington Post," " High School Cailets." " The Liberty Bell," "Manhattan Beach," " King Cotton," " The Directorate," " El Capitan," "The Bride Elect," and "The Stars and Stripes Forever." He is also the composer of a great number of miscellaneous compositions and arrangements for orchestra and military bands, songs, etc. His compilation of " National, Patriotic, and Typical Airs of Every Land" was officially adopted by the navy department.

SOUTHGATE, James Haywood, merchant, b. in Norfolk, Va., 12 July, 1859. He received a common-scliool and academic education in North Carolina, whither his parents had removed in 1861. Since 1882 he has been engaged in banking and insurance business, and has taken an active interest in religious work, serving as president of the state Young men's Christian association, also as treasurer of the state Sunday-school associa- tion. For many years he was prominent in the councils of the Prohibition party. He was a mem- ber of the platform committee of the party at its convention in Cincinnati in 1892, and at the Pitts- burg convention, in May, 1896, he was nominated for vice-president, with Charles Eugene Bentley, of Nebraska, for president, by the minority or " na- tional " wing of the convention, which declared for free silver, government control of railroa<ls and telegraphs, and an income tax, as well as for total prohibition of the liquor traffic.

SPALDING, George, congressman, b. in Scot- land, 13 Nov., 1836, and came to this country with his family when six years of age. He attended the public schools of Buffalo, later working on his father's farm in Jlichigan and teaching in the winter. In June, 1861. he enlisted as a private in the civil war, and within two years was wounded twice, and had been promoted through the several grades to the command of the 12th Tennessee cav- alry. For services in the battle of Nashville, where he was again severely wounded, he was promoted to brevet brigadier-general. He was mustered out of the service in August, 1865, soon after being ap- pointed postmaster and mayor of Monroe, Mich., president of the board of education, and admitted to the bar. He was from 1877 cashier and director of the First national bank of Monroe, and in 1892 was elected president. Gen. Spalding was elected to the 54th and succeeding congress as a Republi- can, representing the 2d Michigan district, consist- ing of five large and populous counties.

SPENCER, Joshua Austin, b. at Great Barrington, Mass., 13 May, 1790; d. at Utica. N. Y., 25 April, 1857. His first American ancestor was Samuel Spencer, who emigrated from Sheffield and settled in Salem, Mass.. in 1633. Joshua received only the education of the common schools of Mas- sachusetts. He removed, with his father's family, to Ijcnox, N. Y., where he was apprenticed to a carpenter, thus developing his physical strength and gaining a practical knowledge which was often useful to him in his subsequent professional life. Attaining his majority, he found his true place in the office of his elder brother. Gen. Ichabod S. Spencer, as a student of law. But for a time in 1812, in the war with England, he left his studies to enlist in a company of cavalry. On the return of peace he resumed his studies, and was subse- quently admitted to the bar, forming a Partnership with his rother. In 1829 he formed a partner- ship with William H. Maynard and removed to Utica, N. Y. The sudden death of Mr. May- nard. in 1832, threw the burden of an extensive practice upon Mr. Spencer. But rapidly rising to the first rank in his profession, from 1829 to 1857, he be- came one of the leading lawyers in

central and western

New York, the compeer of Hiram Denio. Samuel Beardsley, Greene C. Bronson, and Philo Gridley. Though chiefly dis- tinguished in public estimation as an advocate — a "jury lawyer" — his professional associates recog- nized his profound knowledge of the law and his completemasteryofthegreat underlying principles of jurisprudence. For more than twenty years he attended every term of the supreme court and the court for the correction of errors, and listened to or took part in almost every case discussed before these tribunals. In 1841 Mr. Spencer was appointed at- torney of the United States for the northern dis- trict of New York, which included the whole state except New York city and its a*ljacent counties. He held this office for four years, when he was elected state senator. In 1841 he was engaged in the defence of Alexander JIcLeod, a trial of na- tional importance. By Mr. Spencer's wise and successful management of the ease, which resulted in Mcljcod's acquittal, a war between this country and f]ngland was, perhaps, prevented. In 1848 he was elected mayor of Utica. At the centennial celebration of Berkshire county at Pittsfield he returned to his native county and delivered an oration which was characterized as one " of sur- passing beauty and eloquence." He was for twen- ty-five years a trustee of Hamilton college, and he received the degree of LL. D. from Rutgers.

SQUIRE, Watson Carvosso, senator, b. in Ca|)e Vincent, N. Y., 18 May, 1838. He was gradu- ated from Wcsleyan university, Middletown, Conn., in 1859, and then became principal of the Moravia institute. At the outbreak of the civil war he en- listed in the 19th New York infantry, of which he became 1st lieutenant. At the expiration of five months' service he studied law, and was admitted to the Ohio bar in June, 1862. He raised a com- pany of sharpshooters and was connnissioned its captain. His company was the "escort" of Gen. Sherman in the " march to the sea." He was made judge-advocate of the district of Tennessee, with lieackjuarters at Nashville. He then became in- terested in the Remington arms company; was made manager of the company, served as its repre- sentative in New York, and often visited Europe to make contracts for the company. In 1876 lie purchased large interests in Washington Territory, and removed to Seattle in 1879. He was appoint-