6 ItO.MAN EXI'LOIIATION FUND. the inisoii, auil then thrown into tlio Tihor, as mentioned by Salhist. AVc have traced the lower end of it to the Cloaca }klaxinia, at a short distance from the river. 3. Of the tiiird jieriod, the time of Sorvius Tullius, we have remains of his great Agger on tl»e eastern side of Home, where it was a mile lonir, bnt has been almost entirely destroyed ; and wo have traced his short (uifievs across the valleys, from the clitV of one hill to that of the otlicr. Wo have also fonnd remains of the ancient tnfa wall to support the difl" and earth of the hill, when each was a separate fortified village, before the time of Servius Tullins, as we are told by Livy. The great Agger goes from the cliff of the Quirinal, at the north-east corner of Komo, t(» that of the Ksqniline, halfway down on the eastern side of the city ; the cliffs of that hill then formed the wall, and it turned the corner as far as the church of S. Clement ; then a short agger across the valley to the for- tress, now the monastery of theSanti Quattro Coronati ; then the clills of the Cielian. On the other side of that valley are the great fosse between the east end of theCiclian hill and the Lateran (across which a bank was made for the aqueducts, with a road by the side of them), then, again, the cliffs of the C.clian along the south side, with the river Almo for a wet ditch as far as the angle on which stood another ancient fortress, now the Villa Mattel (or Celimontana), which protected the a])])roach to the Porta Capena, and the second short agger from the clitf of the Cielian to that of tiie Avt-ntine, then the clills i>f the Aventine to the Tiber (on which cliffs there are very considerable remains of the wall of the Latins, who were settled there in the time of the early kings). Then from the Aventine to the Cajiitol, the ancient tufa wall, ciilled the Pnlchrum Littus (which had formed part of the s-econd wall, also forms part of this third wall, and so across to the Capitol, then another short agger which has been traced), to the cliff of the Quiiinal, and following tiiis to the north-east cca-ncr, the point from which we started. The Arx or Citadel of each of the seven hills, as a separate fortres.s, has also been traced. The separate character of tiie walls of each of the three periods in the time of the kings is very distinct when once pointed out. 1. In the walls on the Palatine o/</// the vertical ji>ints are wide enoiigl» to admit a walking-stick. "2. h tlio second ]>erioil the stones arc closely fitted togLther, as in the second wall, the Capitolium, the Prison, itc. 3. In the third |)eriod tiic stones are held t(|<iether by iron damps, which arc not found imtil the time of Servius Tidlius ; but some of the iron clamps thonuselvcH were found in tl>e interior of part of that wall, which was pulled down in l."s71 to enlarge the railway station. These iron clainjiH on the surface of the wall have usually rusted and split the stoncH, and fallen out, an<l thus have left only large lioles in the edges of the KtoncH, This fashion of construction continueil in Homo for five centuries or more; we fmd similar holes agnin in the Coliseuuj. Tiu; htones of Servius Tidlius have often been used again, and can then lie reaflily diKtingiiished by the holes in the edges of tlu; stones 7K(/ /////»// one another, as in jKirt fif the great prison rebuilt in the lime of 'i'ilieriiis, where the springiug stones, the most essential jiart of the construction, nrc of travertine; the Kt<jnes of the arches are of tufa taken from tho walJH of the Kobur Tidlianum.
