1868.] Practical Carpentry and Joinery. 181 PRACTICAL CARPENTRY & JOINERY. DETAILS. FOR THE EXTERIOR OF THE ITALIAN VILLA. A IS a plan of a first-story window, showing the balcony in front. It will have a square head, with brackets. The lower sash of the window is to be so constructed, as to fly up into the head, until it is even with the meeting- rail of the top sash. B is a section of the same, showing the projection of the balcony, with the bracket. C is one of the tower-windows, with a circular head, an overhanging canopy and a balcony. D a section, showing the projections both of the canopy and the balcony of the top and bottom of the window. E exhibits the second-story window, over the main entrance, also with a bal- cony. The sash extends to the floor; and will fly up into the head. This window is the most marked feature in the whole front of the design ; and cal- culated to give it a highly elegant and chaste appearance. The heavy pilasters, enriched caps, and segment pediment, with brackets, &c, extending up to the main cornice — and finished with a bro- ken pediment, having an oval window, richly dressed and embellished ; all unite to give the exterior of this design an aspect of novelty and elegance, which, at the same time, will not materi- ally enhance the cost of the construc- tion. The window canopy, both perma- nent and ornamental, as given in the plate, letters C and D, and simple and folding, as often found in striped stuffs with iron frame, is one of the peculiar appliances of this style, and often found upon other constructions in America, to guard against the powerful summer sun. F shows one of the second-story windows with pediment-head. G is a section of the same, showing projection of the pediment-head. H is a similar window, with a segment pediment-head. This is given in order to vary, as much as possible, the exterior of the building ; and to remove any ap- pearance of sameness, that might other- wise prevail. I is a section of same, showing the projection of the segment pediment- head. J shows the chimney above the roof of the building. K is an end view of the chimney. SECTION OF A TWIN-WINDOW FRAME. We here present a window frame in two divisions, or what is usually termed a twin-window, giving in the cut a plan and elevation, with letters de- scriptive of the same. The plan exhibits a horizontal section of the window, with sills, A and B, sash, C, C, and wall, H. The elevation shows a perpendicular section, the centre di- vision, or mullion, having but a single box, K. The two bottom sash, P, and J, and the two top sash, O, and I, are each hung to single weights, J, and K, the latter requiring a pulley for sus- pending the weight. The cord is se- cured in the sash, in the usual manner ; and passes over the ordinary pulleys in the window-frames. By this method the balancing weight is required to be two- thirds the weight of both sash to which it
