| Articles of Utility—Continued. | ||
| Carthaginians | . . . . . . . | Leather. |
| Ancient Britons | . . . . . . . | Cattle, slaves, brass, and iron. |
| England (under James II.) | . . . . . . . | Tin, gun-metal, and pewter. |
| South Sea Islands | . . . . . . . | Axes and hammers. |
| Articles of Ornament. | ||
| Ancient Jews | . . . . . . . | Jewels. |
| The Indian Islands and Africa | . . . . . . . | Cowrie shells. |
| Conventional Signs. | ||
| Holland (1574) | . . . . . . . | Pieces of pasteboard. |
| China (1200) | . . . . . . . | Bark of the mulberry-tree. |
It is evident that every primitive people uses as money those articles upon which they set the highest value—as cattle, jewels, slaves, salt, musket-balls, pins, snuff, whiskey, cotton shirts, leather, axes, and hammers; or those articles for which there was a foreign demand, and which they could trade off to the merchants for articles of necessity—as tea, silk, codfish, coon-skins, cocoa-nuts, and tobacco. Then there is a later stage, when the stamp of the government is impressed upon paper, wood, pasteboard, or the bark of trees, and these articles are given a legal-tender character.
When a civilized nation comes in contact with a barbarous people they seek to trade with them for those things which they need; a metal-working people, manufacturing weapons of iron or copper, will seek for the useful metals, and hence we find iron, copper, tin, and lead coming into use as a standard of values—as money; for they can always be converted into articles of use and weapons of war. But when we ask how it chanced that gold and silver came to be used as money, and why it is that gold is regarded as so much more valuable than silver, no answer presents itself. It was impossible to make either of them into pots or pans, swords or spears; they were not necessarily more beautiful than glass or the combinations of tin and copper. Nothing astonished the American races
