131; attempts to see feed young unsuccessful, 132; add no effect to precipice, 134; plumage of, 134; look black at a little distance, 134; ordinary flight not majestic, 134; shape of wings of, 134, 135; effect of number of, over battlefield, 135. Curious doubtful if these are nuptial, 138; antics in the air of, 136, 137. Skirmishing with gulls, 137; skirmishing or frolicking with hooded crow, 137; devoted guardians of young, 138; cunning plan adopted by, 138, 139
Raven Mother, the real one, 133; appearance and behaviour of, 133, 134
Razorbills, manner, etc., of diving of, 151, 152; fish, how carried in beak by, 187
Redshanks, handsomer flying than when on ground, 23, 24; courting actions of male, 24. Aerial and aquatic combats of, 36, 37; at first mistaken as to nature of these, 37
Richardson's Skua, objected to as a title, 61
Ring Plover, nuptial flight of, 21, 22; courting actions of male on ground, 22, 23
Robin, becoming wagtail or stilt-walker, 48; how it may develop in the future, 229; occasional aquatic habits of, out of character, 229, 230; has two figures, 230; a part of most landscapes, 230, 231; looks different in different places, 231; an example of sexual selection acting in two directions
Rooks, importunity of female, 112; simultaneous flights, etc., of, 210, 292, 293, 294; winter rookery or roosting-place of, 258, 259, 278, 280; crowd of better than crowd of men, 259; aerial evolutions, sports, gambols, manoeuvres, etc., of, 259, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 270, 271, 280, 295; peculiar burring note of, 260, 282, 283; powers of flight possessed by, 260, 271; flight full of effects, 271; how associated with starlings, 261; chirruppy or croodling note of, 261, 268, 269; last flight of, dove-tailing with roosting of pheasants, 261, 262; roll over of, compared with that of ravens, 263; two great assemblages of, manoeuvrings and different conduct of, 262, 264, 265; difficulty of supposing that they are led, 213, 265, 266; if led, should be so habitually, 266, 267; evidence against theory of leadership, 267, 268, 269, 270, 284, 285; the caw the business note of, 268; two bands flying at different elevations, 270; flight of, at great elevation different to usual flight, 270, 271; conclusion against theory of leadership, 271, 273; supposed to employ sentinels, 271; evidence as to and conclusion against their doing so, 272, 273; vast assemblage of, 274, 277, 278; fighting of, 274, 275, 276, 277; disturbed by hare, 277; lullaby of, 278, 281; return of, to winter rookery in evening, 274, 277, 278, 280, 281, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299; various cries of, 281, 283, 286, 288, 291, 292, 299, 300. Whishing noise made by, 281, 282, 295; doubt as to how produced, 282. "Burring" note of, 282, 283; morning flight of, from winter rookery, 283, 284, 285, 292; voice of, pleasing and expressive, 283; talk kind of Chinese, 284; tits flying with, 284; some staying back after general flight out, 285; actions of, governed by two leading principles, 285; unknown force suggested by movements of, 285, 286; some movements of, may be due to thought-transference or collective thinking, 287; may be origin of the night-raven, 287, 288; origin of language suggested by, 288, 289; zones of
