is started at time X and rollout on a 170-degree heading at time X+:18 seconds. Art average altitude differential of 700 feet was utilized throughout the development of these elevation angles.
Table I
PAA 212 ELEVATION ANGLE
| Time | Bearing | Range | Delta Altitude | Tangent Angle | Angle of Elevation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X | 90° | 24,000' | -700 | .0292 | -1°40' |
| X+:05 | 71° | 22,250' | -700 | .0314 | -1°48' |
| X+:10 | 52° | 19,800' | -700 | .0350 | -2°02' |
| X+:15 | 32° | 17,000' | -700 | .0412 | -2°21' |
| X+:20 | 17° | 13,900' | -700 | .0503 | -2°53' |
| X+:25 | 17° | 10,600' | -700 | .0660 | -3°47' |
| X+:30 | 17° | 7,500' | -700 | .0935 | -5°21' |
| X+:35 | 18° | 4,250' | -700 | .165 | -9°22' |
| X+:40 | 22° | 1,125' | -700 | .622 | -31°53' |
Table II indicates the captain's visual altitude limitations in the same five second intervals at the various ranges and bearings of PAA 212. It is noted that from bearing 17° range 13,900' to bearing 17° range 7,500' the captain could have been in a position to see PAA 212. It is noted from Table I that when PAA 212 is at the 13,900' range the time is X+:20 which is after Flight 662 rolled out on the 170-degree heading.
Table I
Captain's Visual Altitude Limitations
| Upper Limit | Lower Limit | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bearing | Range | Angle | Tangent Angle | Altitude | Angle | Tangent Angle | Altitude |
| 90° | 24,000' | +6° | .105 | 2560° | -12° | .213 | -5,100' |
| 71° | 22,250' | -25° | .466 | -1040' | -37° | .734 | -16,400' |
| 52° | 19,800' | -17° | .306 | -6050' | -33° | .649 | -12,900' |
| 32° | 17,000' | -9° | .158 | -2690' | -24° | .445 | -7,570' |
| 17° | 13,900' | 17° | .306 | 4250' | -6° | .105 | -1,460' |
| 17° | 10,600' | 17° | .306 | 3240' | -6° | .105 | -1110' |
| 17° | 7,500' | 17° | .306 | 2300' | -6° | 105 | -785' |
| 18° | 4,250' | 16° | .287 | 1220' | -6° | 105 | -446' |
| 22° | 1,125' | 15° | .267 | 300' | -5° | .087 | -98' |
From the foregoing it was calculated that the captain was unable to see the traffic after starting his 35-degree bank until he had partially rolled out of his turn. The first officer, on the other hand, could probably have kept PAA 212 in sight throughout the entire time from initial detection until passage of the airplanes.
Spatial Disorientation Study
The term "spatial disorientation" in its broad sense means the inability determine one's position relative to one's environment. This inability results in
