Ratramnus was no opponent of Transubstantiation has recently been proved to demonstration in the monograph of Dr. Aug. Naegle (Vienna, 1903). Ælfric's numerous works in Anglo-Saxon, which give evidence of much literary power, have been edited with translations; the former in 1846, by Thorpe; the latter in 1906, by Skeat.
Caroline L. White, New Study of Aelfric, in Yale Studies, II (New York, 1898); Skeat, Introduction to Aelfric's Lives of Saints (E. E. T. S., 1900); Dietrich in Niedner's Zeitschrift (1855 and 1856); also many histories of English Literature, e.g., those of Ten Brink, Wulker, or Stopford Brooke. The article in the Dictionary of National Biography should be read with great caution. See The Month, June, 1906. On the Eucharistic controversy, see especially Lingard, The Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church, II; note R.; Bridgett, Holy Eucharist in Great Britain, I, 133 sqq.; Nægle, Ratramnus, pp. 305–309. The extreme Protestant view is represented by Soames, Anglo-Saxon Church (1856), 225 sgq.
Ælnoth, monk and biographer, of whom nothing is known except his Life of St. Canute the Martyr, written in 1109. In this work he describes himself as a priest, a native of Canterbury, and states that he has lived in Denmark for twenty-four years. This gives 1085 as the date at which he left England. In that year certain relics of St. Alban were translated to Denmark, from which fact it has been conjectured that he accompanied them. In the title of his work he is described as a monk; he was probably of the Benedictine monastery of St. Canute, in Odense. No record of his death has been preserved. His Life of St. Canute was first printed by Huitfeld in 1002, reprinted by Meursius in 1746; but the best critical edition was published by the Bollandists in their "Acta Sanctorum" (July 10), being edited by Solerius.
Chevalier, Repertoire des sources historiques du moyen âge (1905); Hurter, Nomenclator, II. 48 (1903); Dict. Nat. Biog., I. 170 (ISS5); Bollandists, Acta SS., XXX, 118 (1863); Langebek and Suhm, Scriptores Rerum Danic. Med. Aev. (1772); Fabricius, Bib. Med. Aev. (1734).
Ælred, Saint, Abbot of Rievaulx, homilist and historian (1109–66). St. Ælred, whose name is also written Ailred, Æthelred, and Ethelred, was the son of one of those married priests of whom many were found in England in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. He was born at Hexham, but at an early age made the acquaintance of David, St. Margaret's youngest son, shortly afterwards King of Scotland, at whose court he apparently acted for some years as a sort of page, or companion to the young Prince Henry. King David loved the pious English youth, promoted him in his household, and wished to make him bishop, but Ælred decided to become a Cistercian monk, in the recently founded abbey of Rievaulx in Yorkshire. Soon he was appointed master of novices, and was long remembered for his extraordinary tenderness and patience towards those under his charge. In 1143 when William, Earl of Lincoln, founded a new Cistercian abbey upon his estates at Revesby in Lincolnshire, St. Ælred was sent with twelve monks to take possession of the new foundation. His stay at Revesby, where he seems to have met St. Gilbert of Sempringham, was not of long duration, for in 1146 he was elected abbot of Rievaulx. In this position the saint was not only superior of a community of 300 monks, but he was head of all the Cistercian abbots in England. Causes were referred to him, and often he had to undertake considerable journeys to visit the monasteries of his order. Such a journey in 1153 took him to Scotland, and there meeting King David, for the last time, he wrote on his return to Rievaulx, where the news of David's death reached him shortly afterwards, a sympathetic sketch of the character of the late king. He seems to have exercised considerable influence over Henry II, in the early years of his reign, and to have persuaded him to join Louis VII of France in meeting Pope Alexander III, at Touci, in 1162. Although suffering from a complication of most painful maladies, he journeyed to France to attend the general chapter of his Order. He was present in Westminster Abbey, at the translation of St. Edward the Confessor, in 1163, and, in view of this event, he both wrote a life of the saintly king and preached a homily in his praise. The next year Ælred undertook a mission to the barbarous Pictish tribes of Galloway, where their chief is said to have been so deeply moved by his exhortations that he became a monk. Throughout his last years Ælred gave an extraordinary example of heroic patience under a succession of infirmities. He was, moreover, so abstemious that he is described as being "more like a ghost than a man." His death is generally supposed to have occurred 12 January, 1166, although there are reasons for thinking that the true year may be 1167. St. Ælred left a considerable collection of sermons, the remarkable eloquence of which has earned for him the title of the English St. Bernard. He was the author of several ascetical treatises, notably the "Speculum Charitatis," also a compendium of the same (really a rough draught from which the larger work was developed), a treatise "De Spirituali Amicitiâ," and a certain letter to an anchoress. All these, together with a fragment of his historical work, were collected and published by Richard Gibbons, S.J., at Douai, in 1631. A fuller and better edition is contained in the fifth volume of the "Bibliotheca Cisterciensis" of Tissier, 1662, from which they have been printed in P. L., vol. CXCV. The historical works include a "Life of St. Edward," an important account of the "Battle of the Standard" (1138), an incomplete work on the genealogy of the kings of England, a tractate "De Sanctimoniali de Watton" (About the Nun of Watton), a "Life of St. Ninian," a work on the "Miracles of the Church of Hexham," an account of the foundations of St. Mary of York and Fountains Abbey, as well as some that are lost. No complete edition of Ælred's historical opuscula has ever been published. A few were printed by Twysden in his "Decem Scriptores," others must be sought in the Rolls Series or in Raine's "Priory of Hexham" (Surtees Society, Durham, 1864).
An anonymous Latin Life of St. Ælred is printed by the Bollandists, Acta SS., January, vol. II; while other materials may be gathered from Raine, Priory of Hexham, and from Ælred's own writings. An excellent short biography was compiled by Father Dalgairns for Newman's series of Lives of the English Saints, 1845 (new ed., London, 1903); Dict. of Nat. Biog. s. v. Ethelred (XVIII, 33–35); Baring-Gould, Lives of the Saints, I, and the great Cistercian collections of Henriquez and Manrique.
Ælurus, Timotheus. See St. Timotheus and Symphorian.
Æmilianus Hieronymus. See St. Jerome Emiliani.
Æneas, Irish Prelate. See St. Aengus (the Culdee).
Æneas of Gaza, a Neo-Platonic philosopher, a convert to Christianity, who flourished towards the end of the fifth century. In a dialogue entitled "Theophrastus" he alludes to Hierocles (of Alexandria) as his teacher, and in some of his letters mentions as his contemporaries writers whom we know to have lived at the end of the fifth century and the beginning of the sixth. His testimony is often quoted in favour of the miraculous gift of speech conferred on the Christian martyrs whose tongues were cut out by order of the Vandal king Huneric (Baronius, ad ann. 484, n. 91 sqq). Like all the Christian Neo-Platonists, Æneas held Plato in higher esteem than Aristotle, although his ac-
