of his compositions are still in the libraries of Spain, awaiting a publisher. Of those published, Petrucci printed (1502–3) thirty-one songs and motets, and a volume of five masses bearing the titles: "Le Serviteur", "Je ne demande", "Malheur me bat", "Primi toni", "Secundi toni".
Riemann, Dict. of Music; Grove, Dict. of Music and Musicians; Kornmüller, Lex. der kirchl. Tonkunst; Naumann, Geschichte der Musik.
Agricola, George (Bauer, latinized into Agricola), physician, mineralogist, historian, and controversialist, b. at Glauchau, in Saxony, 24 March, 1494; d. at Chemnitz, 23 October, 1555. After a wide course of studies in philosophy, philology, and natural sciences, in Germany and in Italy, he practiced medicine for some years at Joachimsthal in Bohemia. In 1530, or 1531, he went, at the invitation of the Elector Maurice of Saxony, to the mining district of Chemnitz, where he continued his favourite studies in geology and mineralogy, and undertook the duties of a Saxon historiographer, a post assigned him by his patron. He approved Luther's first proceedings. The moral effects of the Reformation, however, and a study of the Fathers, had the effect of confirming him in his Catholic Faith, which, to the day of his death, he continued to defend boldly and strenuously, even in the midst of Protestant surroundings. He is deservedly styled the Father of Mineralogy. His chief work, "De Re Metallica", gives a minute description of various contemporary methods of mining, smelting, etc., and contains a number of curious woodcuts. It was published at Basle, in 1556, the year after his death. Of his purely historical works, the "Dominatores Saxonici" (Freiberg, 1538) may be mentioned; the results of his patristic studies were embodied in an unprinted treatise, "De traditionibus apostolicis". A complete collection of his writings was published at Basle, from 1550 to 1558, and again in 1657; his mineralogical works, in German, by Lehmann, in four volumes, at Freiberg, 1806–13.
Richter, Vita C. Agricolæ (Annaberg, 1755); Becher, Die Mineralogen Agricola und Werner (Freiberg, 1819); Döllinger, Reform, I, 580 sqq.; Schlösser in Kirchenlex, s. v.; Janssen, Gesch. d. deutschen Volkes, VII, 319–326.
Agricola, Rudolph, a distinguished humanist of the earlier period, and a zealous promoter of the study of the classics in Germany, b. in 1442, or 1443, at Bafflo, near Groningen, Holland; d. at Heidelberg, 28 October, 1485. His family name was Huysmann. He began his study of the higher branches at the University of Louvain, where he studied Cicero and Quintilian, gaining distinction by the purity of his Latin diction and his skill in disputation. He had already become adept in French, and, after taking his degree as Master of Arts, he went to Paris. Here he continued his classical work with Heynlin von Stein, and formed a close friendship with John Reuchlin. Early in the seventies he went to Italy, where he associated himself with the humanists, chiefly in Rome and Ferrara. Devoted to the study of the ancients, he won renown for the elegance of his Latin style and his knowledge of philosophy. He delivered a panegyric on the subject of philosophy in the presence of Hercules d'Este, the Mæcenas of humanists. After a sojourn of seven years in Italy, Agricola, returning to Germany, got into close touch with his numerous friends, personally and by letter, and roused their enthusiasm for the promotion of classical learning. His love of independence, however, prevented Agricola from accepting any definite position. In 1481 he spent six months in Brussels, at the court of the Archduke, later Emperor Maximilian I, transacting business for the city of Groningen. Resisting all the efforts of his friends to keep him at court, he accepted the invitation of John of Dalberg, Bishop of Worms, to go to the University of Heidelberg, where he began to deliver lectures in 1482. He was admitted into the closest friendship of Dalberg, the generous benefactor of learning. He now began the study of Hebrew, and published an original translation of the Psalms. His fruitful activity in Heidelberg was, unfortunately, of short duration, being brought to a sudden close by his journey to Rome (1485), whither he accompanied John of Dalberg, who was sent as an ambassador to Innocent VIII. Shortly after his return, Agricola was stricken with a fatal illness, and died at Heidelberg. To Agricola belongs the palm as pioneer of classical learning in Germany. His importance cannot be estimated by the works which he wrote; he must be classed with those who accomplished more by their personal influence, and the powerful stimulus they gave to their contemporaries than by their own literary achievements. Thus we gather the full significance of Agricola's work from the testimony of his contemporaries, who bestow upon him the highest praise. "It is from my teacher, Agricola," says the distinguished master, Alexander Hegius, "that I have learned all that I know, or that people think I know." Notwithstanding the impulse Agricola's zeal gave to classical learning, he did not neglect his mother tongue. At the same time he was of a deeply religious disposition, and possessed of lively faith. His reputation was stainless. During the last years of his life, he took up the study of theology. His discourse "De Nativitate Christi" breathes a spirit of deep piety. The most important of his pedagogical writings is the treatise "De studio formando", which he sent to his friend Barbarianus; chief among his philosophical works is "De Inventione Dialecticâ." A collective edition of his works (Letters, Treatises, Translations, Poems, and Discourses) appeared in two quarto volumes (Cologne, 1539), under the title "Rudolphi Agricolæ Lucubrationes aliquot lectu dignissimæ in hunc usque diem nusquam prius editæ, per Alardum Amstelodamum."
Melanchthon, Oratio in Rud. Agricolam, in Corpus reformater., XI, col. 438–446; Schœpperlin, Dissertatio de Rud. Agricolos Frisii in elegantiores litteras promeritis (Jena, 1753); Epermann, Dissert. de Rud. Agricola litterarum per Germaniam instauratore, inter Græcos græcissimo, inter Latinos latinissimo (Upsala, 1762); Tresling, Vita et merita Rud. Agricolæ (Groningen, 1830); Bossert, De Rud. Agricola Frisio, litterarum in Germania restitutore (Paris, 1865); Meiners, Lebensbeschreibungen berühmter Männer aus der Zeit der Wiederherstellung der Wissenschaften (2 vols., Zurich, 1796), 332–363; Geiger, Art. Agricola Rud. in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (Leipzig, 1875), I, 151 sqq.; F. v. Bezold, Rudolf Agricola, ein deutscher Vertreter der italienischen Renaissance: Festrede (Munich, 1884); Ihm, Der Humanist R. Agricola, sein Leben und seine Schriften, in Sammlung der bedeutendsten pädagogischen Schriften (Paderborn, 1893); Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes (6th ed.), I, 56–58; Erhard, Geschichte des Wiederaufblühens wissenschaftl. Bildung, I, 374–415; Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, IX, 261–267; Raumer, Gesch. der Pedagogik vom Wiederaufblühen klassischer Studien bis auf unsere Zeit, 2d ed. (Stuttgart, 1846), I, 79–87; Geiger, Humanismus und Renaissance in Italien und Deutschland, in Onckensche Sammlung (Berlin, 1882).
Agriculture, Medieval. See Monasticism.
Agrippa of Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius, b. 14 September, 1486, at Cologne; d. at Grenoble or Lyons in 1534 or 1535. One of the remarkable men of the Renaissance period. Described as "knight, doctor, and by common reputation, a magician", Agrippa earned and repaid the bitter enmity of his more conservative contemporaries. We find him a student at Cologne and Paris (1500), in Spain (1507–08), a teacher of Hebrew at Dole (1509), a teacher in England (1510), about which time he finished his work "De occulta philosophiâ" (Antwerp, 1531), a mixture of Neoplatonism and the Cabbala. He spent some time in Italy in the military service of the Empemr Maximili.an, who rewarded his bravery by making him a Ritter or knight. He soon turned
